{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:17:06Z","timestamp":1778635026138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Influenza is known to predispose to secondary bacterial infections including invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) disease. The universal pediatric live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) program introduced in England from the 2013\/2014 influenza season was implemented incrementally, introducing cohorts of children annually to 2\u201316 years of coverage. Additionally, from the beginning of the program, discrete pilot areas offered LAIV vaccination to all primary school\u2013age children, allowing for a unique comparison of infection rates between pilot and nonpilot areas during the program rollout.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cumulative incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of GAS infections (all), scarlet fever (SF), and iGAS infection within each season by age group were compared for pilot and nonpilot areas using Poisson regression. The overall effect of the pilot program in the pre- (2010\/2011\u20132012\/2013 seasons) and postintroduction (2013\/2014\u20132016\/2017 seasons) periods was assessed using negative binomial regression by comparing changes in incidence between pilot\/nonpilot areas (ratio of IRR [rIRR]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reductions in IRRs of GAS and SF were observed within most post-LAIV program seasons, among the age groups 2\u20134 and 5\u201310 years. Significant reductions were seen among 5\u201310 years (rIRR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.45\u20130.71; P &amp;lt; .001), 2\u20134 years (rIRR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43\u20130.90; P = .011), and 11\u201316 years (rIRR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43\u20130.90; P = .018) for GAS infections when assessing the overall effect of the program.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings suggest that vaccination with LAIV may be associated with a reduced risk of GAS infection and support attaining high uptake of childhood influenza vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T02:21:51Z","timestamp":1684462911000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Epidemiological Impact of the Pediatric Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) Program on Group A <i>Streptococcus<\/i> (GAS) Infection in England"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mary A","family":"Sinnathamby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Warburton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Lamagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conall","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie Lopez","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023062714595947200_ofad270-B1","author":"UK Health Security Agency"},{"key":"2023062714595947200_ofad270-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01041","article-title":"Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics","volume":"8","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 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