{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:09:08Z","timestamp":1791245348547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y1-AI-5072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y1-AI-5072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Defense Health Program , US Department of Defense","award":["HU0001190002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU0001190002"]}]},{"name":"NIH Intramural Funding","award":["CAN#8010906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAN#8010906"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inappropriate antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is a major public health concern; however, data for people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) are limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The HIV Virtual Cohort Study is a retrospective cohort of adult Department of Defense beneficiaries. Male PWH cases (n = 2413) were matched 1:2 to controls without HIV (n = 4826) by age, gender, race\/ethnicity, and beneficiary status. Acute respiratory infection encounters between 2016 and 2020 and corresponding antibiotic prescriptions were characterized as always, sometimes, or never appropriate based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision coding. Incidence of ARI encounters and antibiotic appropriateness were compared between PWH and controls. Subgroup analyses were assessed by CD4 count and viral load suppression on antiretroviral therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean rates of ARI encounters were similar for PWH (1066 per 1000 person-years) and controls (1010 per 1000 person-years); however, the rate was double among PWH without viral load (VL) suppression (2018 per 1000 person-years). Antibiotics were prescribed in 26% of encounters among PWH compared to 34% for controls (P \u2264 .01); antibiotic use was \u201cnever\u201d appropriate in 38% of encounters with PWH and 36% in controls. Compared to controls, PWH received more sulfonamides (5.5% vs 2.7%; P = .001), and variation existed among HIV subgroups in the prescription of sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and \u03b2-lactams.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute respiratory infection encounters were similar for PWH and those without HIV; however, PWH with lower CD4 counts and\/or nonsuppressed VL had more frequent ARI visits. Inappropriate antibiotic use for ARIs was high in both populations, and focused interventions to improve antibiotic appropriateness for prescribers caring for PWH should be pursued.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T03:45:40Z","timestamp":1684554340000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute Respiratory Infection Incidence and Outpatient Antibiotic Prescription Patterns in People With or Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Virtual Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7148-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L","family":"Sweet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brooke Army Medical Center, Internal Medicine, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston , Fort Sam Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, St. Mary's University , San Antonio, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Texas San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Sunil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Topal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Noiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Barsoumian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brooke Army Military Medical Center, Infectious Disease Service, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston , Fort Sam Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B K","family":"Agan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J F","family":"Okulicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Brooke Army Military Medical Center, Infectious Disease Service, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston , Fort Sam Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071910521294400_ofad272-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11764","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance","volume":"316","author":"Marston","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023071910521294400_ofad272-B2","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in health-care facilities in low- and middle-income 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