{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:03:36Z","timestamp":1789193016752,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004789","name":"Oxford University John Fell Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0008410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0008410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110110\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110110\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010438","name":"Francis Crick Institute,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012317","name":"UCLH Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence are both high in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. HIV coinfection negatively affects HBV prognosis and can increase the likelihood of HBV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). In an early HIV infant treatment intervention cohort of HIV-transmitting mother-child pairs in KwaZulu-Natal, we characterized maternal HBV prevalence and screened infants at risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants were treated for HIV MTCT at birth, and combination regimens incidentally active against HBV were initiated within 21 days. Maternal samples (N = 175) were screened at birth for HBV infection (HBV surface antigen [HBsAg]), exposure to HBV (HBV anti-core IgG), and vaccination responses (HBV anti-S positive without other HBV markers). Infants of mothers who were HBV positive were screened for HBsAg at 1 and 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence of HBV infection was present in 8.6% (n = 15) of maternal samples. Biomarkers for HBV exposure were present in 31.4% (n = 55). Evidence of HBV vaccination was uncommon in mothers (8.0%; n = 14). Despite prescription of antiretroviral therapy (ART) active against HBV, HBV DNA was detectable in 46.7% (7\/15) of mothers who were HBsAg positive. Three mothers had HBV viral loads &amp;gt;5.3 log10 IU\/mL, making them high risk for HBV MTCT. Screening of available infant samples at 1 month (n = 14) revealed no cases of HBV MTCT. At 12 months, we identified 1 HBV infection (1\/13), and serologic evidence of vaccination was present in 53.8% (7\/13) of infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This vulnerable cohort of HIV-transmitting mothers had a high prevalence of undiagnosed HBV. Early infant ART may have reduced the risk of MTCT in high-risk cases. Current HBV guidelines recommend ART prophylaxis, but these data underline the pressing need to increase availability of birth dose vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T14:26:44Z","timestamp":1689431204000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hepatitis B Virus Prevalence and Mother-to-Child Transmission Risk in an HIV Early Intervention Cohort in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jane","family":"Millar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Z L","family":"Cromhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal , Durban , South 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