{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T06:02:06Z","timestamp":1782712926939,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the United States; resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones limits treatment options. We examined the epidemiology of US Campylobacter infections and changes in resistance over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network receives information on laboratory-confirmed Campylobacter cases from 10 US sites, and the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System receives a subset of isolates from these cases for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We estimated trends in incidence of Campylobacter infection, adjusting for sex, age, and surveillance changes attributable to culture-independent diagnostic tests. We compared percentages of isolates resistant to erythromycin or ciprofloxacin during 2005\u20132016 with 2017\u20132018 and used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association of international travel with resistance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adjusted Campylobacter incidence remained stable or decreased for all groups analyzed since 2012. Among 2449 linked records in 2017\u20132018, the median patient age was 40.2 years (interquartile range, 21.6\u201357.8 years), 54.8% of patients were male, 17.2% were hospitalized, and 0.2% died. The percentage of resistant infections increased from 24.5% in 2005\u20132016 to 29.7% in 2017\u20132018 for ciprofloxacin (P &amp;lt; .001) and from 2.6% to 3.3% for erythromycin (P = .04). Persons with recent international travel had higher odds than nontravelers of having isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] varied from 1.7 to 10.6 by race\/ethnicity) and erythromycin (aOR = 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3\u20132.1).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Campylobacter incidence has remained stable or decreased, whereas resistance to antimicrobials recommended for treatment has increased. Recent international travel increased the risk of resistance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T08:19:00Z","timestamp":1689581940000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of <i>Campylobacter<\/i> Infections in the United States, 2005\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6253-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica M","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9355-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Ahart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9632-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicita","family":"Medalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3456-152X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Logan C","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1693-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8784-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E","family":"Laughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duc J","family":"Vugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tennessee Department of Health , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christy","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9320-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7056-511X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica Billig","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3003-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beau B","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1165-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise K","family":"Francois Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.9.1219","article-title":"Campylobacter infections: the emerging national pattern","volume":"77","author":"Tauxe","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.25203","article-title":"Ongoing outbreak of extensively drug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections associated with US pet store puppies, 2016\u20132020","volume":"4","author":"Francois Watkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6816a2","article-title":"Preliminary incidence and trends of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u2014foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2015\u20132018","volume":"68","author":"Tack","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac344","article-title":"Changing diagnostic testing practices for Foodborne Pathogens, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 2012\u20132019","volume":"9","author":"Ray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B5","author":"Healy"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B6","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Statistical adjustment of culture-independent diagnostic tests for trend analysis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), USA","volume":"47","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B7","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Campylobacter","author":"Blaser","year":"2008","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix669","article-title":"2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea","volume":"65","author":"Shane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:82532","volume-title":"Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix624","article-title":"Increasing Campylobacter infections, outbreaks, and antimicrobial resistance in the United States, 2004\u20132012","volume":"65","author":"Geissler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.522","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing for acute gastroenteritis during ambulatory care visits\u2014United States, 2006\u20132015","volume":"43","author":"Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01509","article-title":"A historical review on antibiotic resistance of foodborne Campylobacter","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B13","volume-title":"National antimicrobial resistance monitoring system for enteric Bacteria (NARMS): human isolates surveillance report for 2015 (final report)","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B14","article-title":"MIC and zone diameter distributions and ECOFFs","author":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B15","article-title":"R2jags: Using R to Run \u2018JAGS\u2019","author":"Yu-Sung","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B16","article-title":"JAGS: A program for analysis of Bayesian graphical models using Gibbs sampling","author":"Plummer"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B17","author":"United Nations"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S480","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis052","article-title":"Travel-associated enteric infections diagnosed after return to the United States, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004\u20132009","volume":"54 (Suppl 5)","author":"Kendall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B19","first-page":"252","article-title":"Bacterial enteric infections detected by culture-independent diagnostic tests\u2013FoodNet, United States, 2012\u20132014","volume":"64","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1128","article-title":"Impact of culture-independent diagnostic testing on recovery of enteric bacterial infections","volume":"66","author":"Imdad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6615a1","article-title":"Incidence and trends of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance\u2014Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2013\u20132016","volume":"66","author":"Marder","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109075","article-title":"Comparative history of Campylobacter contamination on chicken meat and campylobacteriosis cases in the United States: 1994\u20132018","volume":"342","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B23","author":"Food Safety and Inspection Service"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00771","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00771-20","article-title":"Comparison of molecular subtyping and antimicrobial resistance detection methods used in a large multistate outbreak of extensively drug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections linked to pet store puppies","volume":"58","author":"Joseph","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.200316","article-title":"Attribution of illnesses transmitted by food and water to comprehensive transmission pathways using structured expert judgment, United States","volume":"27","author":"Beshearse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B26","author":"Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1086\/512369","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story","volume":"44","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B28","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B29","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.04.029","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and successful treatment of hospitalised patients with extensively drug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections linked to a pet store puppy outbreak","volume":"26","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B31","volume-title":"Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious Bacteria","author":"CLSI","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.202337","article-title":"Sexual contact as risk factor for Campylobacter infection, Denmark","volume":"27","author":"Kuhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1060","article-title":"International spread of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli in men who have sex with men in Washington State and Qu\u00e9bec, 2015\u20132018","volume":"71","author":"Greninger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1086\/375221","article-title":"Cluster of erythromycin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from 1999 to 2001 in men who have sex with men, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada","volume":"37","author":"Gaudreau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir509","article-title":"A nationwide study of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli bacteremia in Finland over a 10-year period, 1998\u20132007, with special reference to clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility","volume":"53","author":"Feodoroff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1086\/598932","article-title":"Short-term and medium-term clinical outcomes of quinolone-resistant Campylobacter infection","volume":"48","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1086\/423282","article-title":"Prolonged diarrhea due to ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter infection","volume":"190","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.030669","article-title":"Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections: risk factors and clinical consequences","volume":"10","author":"Engberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2013major pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023080806200290300_ofad378-B40","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofad378\/50893814\/ofad378.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/10\/8\/ofad378\/51050869\/ofad378.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/10\/8\/ofad378\/51050869\/ofad378.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T06:20:56Z","timestamp":1691475656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofad378\/7225120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofad378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"article-number":"ofad378"}}