{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:55:12Z","timestamp":1789599312927,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>T-cell responses during chronic viral infections become exhausted, which is reflected by upregulation of inhibitory receptors (iRs) and increased interleukin 10 (IL-10). We assessed 2 iRs\u2014PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain\u2013containing protein 3)\u2014and IL-10 mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their soluble analogs (sPD-1, sTim-3, and IL-10) in plasma in chronic HIV-1\/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection and explored the effect of HCV treatment on these markers. We also aimed to establish whether iR expression may be determined by the HCV CD8+ T-cell immunodominant epitope sequence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plasma and PBMCs from 31 persons with chronic HIV-1\/HCV coinfection from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study were collected before and after HCV treatment. As controls, 45 persons who were HIV-1 negative with chronic HCV infection were recruited. Exhaustion markers were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma and by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in PBMCs. Analysis of an HCV epitope sequence was conducted by next-generation sequencing: HLA-A*02\u2013restricted NS31073\u20131081 and NS31406\u20131415 and HLA-A*01\u2013restricted NS31436\u20131444.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study revealed higher plasma sPD-1 (P = .0235) and IL-10 (P = .002) levels and higher IL-10 mRNA in PBMCs (P = .0149) in HIV-1\/HCV coinfection. A decrease in plasma sPD-1 (P = .0006), sTim-3 (P = .0136), and IL-10 (P = .0003) and Tim-3 mRNA in PBMCs (P = .0210) was observed following successful HCV treatment. Infection with the HLA-A*01\u2013restricted NS31436\u20131444 ATDALMTGY prototype variant was related to higher sTim-3 levels than infection with the ATDALMTGF escape variant (P = .0326).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results underscore the synergistic effect of coinfection on expression of exhaustion markers, their reduction following successful HCV treatment and imply that iR levels may operate on an epitope-specific manner.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T21:43:38Z","timestamp":1697924618000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["T-Cell Exhaustion in HIV-1\/Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection Is Reduced After Successful Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Caraballo Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Osuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Perlejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Radkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Janiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Berak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Warsaw Hospital for Infectious Diseases , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andri","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan S","family":"Fehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital Olten , Olten , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huldrych F","family":"G\u00fcnthard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin J","family":"Metzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, 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