{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:45:04Z","timestamp":1793040304753,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"FDA Intramural Research Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020167","name":"Gordon and Llura Gund Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020167","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Llura A. Gund Laboratory"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The immunology of human babesiosis is poorly investigated. We present a comprehensive investigation of a 75-year-old man with B-cell deficiency who experienced 3 episodes of babesiosis over a 6-year period. Slowly evolving clinical immunity was observed, as evidenced by milder clinical symptoms and lower peak parasite burden after each subsequent babesiosis episode. The patient exhibited several striking immunologic findings. First, the patient had exceptionally high Babesia microti\u2013specific antibodies despite very few circulating B cells, which predominantly coexpressed CD27 (memory marker) and CD95 (death receptor). Second, we demonstrated the presence of long-lasting NK cells and expansion of T memory stem cells. Third, levels of the IP-10 cytokine directly correlated with parasite burden. These results raise fundamental questions on the priming, maintenance, and location of a B-cell population that produces high antibody levels in the face of severe B-cell deficiency. Our results should invoke interest among researchers to study the immunology and pathogenesis of human babesiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T22:55:04Z","timestamp":1699570504000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immune Control in Repeated <i>Babesia microti<\/i> Infection in a Patient With B-Cell Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jessica S","family":"Little","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda S","family":"Oakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna R","family":"Thorner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demerise","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Majam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis D","family":"Liakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis A","family":"Novack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Kai","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Soiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey R","family":"Baden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjai","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland , 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