{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:03:58Z","timestamp":1786590238279,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health at Washington University in St Louis"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003085","name":"Longer Life Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000862","name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08 KAI159384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08 KAI159384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIDAK12 DA050607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDAK12 DA050607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK125860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK125860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>People who inject drugs (PWID) are at high risk of severe wounds, invasive infections, and overdoses. To date, there are few data on the bacterial and chemical contaminants PWID are exposed to when using illicitly manufactured fentanyls and stimulants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previously used injection drug use equipment was recovered in St Louis, Missouri, by harm reduction organizations over a 12-month period. Syringe residue was analyzed for bacterial contaminants by routine culturing followed by whole genome sequencing of single bacterial isolates. Chemical adulterants in syringe residue were identified by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bacteria were cultured from 58.75% of 160 syringes analyzed. Polymicrobial growth was common and was observed in 23.75% of samples. Bacillus cereus was the most common pathogen present and was observed in 20.6% of syringe residues, followed closely by Staphylococcus aureus at 18.8%. One hundred syringes underwent mass spectrometry, which demonstrated that chemical adulterants were common and included caffeine, diphenhydramine, lidocaine, quinine, and xylazine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Analysis of syringe residue from discarded drug use equipment demonstrates both chemical and biological contaminants, including medically important pathogens and adulterants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T00:33:39Z","timestamp":1702082019000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Everything but the Kitchen Sink: An Analysis of Bacterial and Chemical Contaminants Found in Syringe Residue From People Who Inject Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"John A","family":"Wildenthal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine , St Louis, Missouri , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew J","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine , St Louis, Missouri , USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine , St Louis, Missouri , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathanial S","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine , St Louis, Missouri , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs St Louis Health Care , St 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