{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:41:26Z","timestamp":1785894086595,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Army Health, Directorate of Personnel, British Army Headquarters, Andover, UK"},{"name":"The Drummond Foundation, Camberley, UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of a large diarrhea outbreak caused by a novel Cryptosporidium hominis subtype during British military training in Kenya between February and April 2022.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were collated from diarrhea cases, and fecal samples were analyzed on site using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) BioFire FilmArray. Water was tested using Colilert kits (IDEXX, UK). DNA was extracted from feces for molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium A135, Lib13, ssu rRNA, and gp60 genes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred seventy-two of 1200 (14.3%) personnel at risk developed diarrhea over 69 days. One hundred six primary fecal samples were tested, and 63\/106 (59.4%; 95% CI, 0.49%\u20130.69%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Thirty-eight had Cryptosporidium spp. alone, and 25 had Cryptosporidium spp. with \u22651 other pathogen. A further 27\/106 (25.5%; 95% CI, 0.18%\u20130.35%) had non-Cryptosporidium pathogens only, and 16\/106 (15.1%; 95% CI, 0.09%\u20130.23%) were negative. C. hominis was detected in 58\/63 (92.1%) Cryptosporidium spp.\u2013positive primary samples, but the others were not genotypable. Twenty-seven C. hominis specimens were subtypable; 1 was gp60 subtype IeA11G3T3, and 26 were an unusual subtype, ImA13G1 (GenBank accession OP699729), supporting epidemiological evidence suggesting a point source outbreak from contaminated swimming water. Diarrhea persisted for a mean (SD) of 7.6 (4.6) days in Cryptosporidium spp. cases compared with 2.3 (0.9) days in non-Cryptosporidium cases (P = .001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Real-time multiplex PCR fecal testing was vital in managing this large cryptosporidiosis outbreak. The etiology of a rare C. hominis gp60 subtype emphasizes the need for more genotypic surveillance to identify widening host and geographic ranges of novel C. hominis subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T16:00:46Z","timestamp":1704297646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Outbreak of Diarrhea Caused by a Novel <i>Cryptosporidium hominis<\/i> Subtype During British Military Training in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5984-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeo","family":"Toriro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Services, Robertson House, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , Camberley, Surrey , UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool, Merseyside , 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