{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:32:14Z","timestamp":1788971534045,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr Dennis Ross Research Fund"},{"name":"in Nephrology, The Nebraska Foundation","award":["DP2Al144244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2Al144244"]}]},{"name":"in Nephrology, The Nebraska Foundation","award":["1UL1TR001079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR001079"]}]},{"name":"in Nephrology, The Nebraska Foundation","award":["UL1TR002649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002649"]}]},{"name":"in Nephrology, The Nebraska Foundation","award":["U54GM104942-05S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM104942-05S2"]}]},{"name":"in Nephrology, The Nebraska Foundation","award":["U54GM115458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM115458"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Real-world evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) booster effectiveness among patients with immune dysfunction are limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included data from patients in the United States National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) who completed \u22652 doses of mRNA vaccination between 10 December 2020 and 27 May 2022. Immune dysfunction conditions included human immunodeficiency virus infection, solid organ or bone marrow transplant, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. We defined incident COVID-19 BTI as positive results from laboratory tests or diagnostic codes 14 days after at least 2 doses of mRNA vaccination; and severe COVID-19 BTI as hospitalization, invasive cardiopulmonary support, and\/or death. We used propensity scores to match boosted versus nonboosted patients and evaluated hazards of incident and severe COVID-19 BTI using Cox regression after matching.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among patients without immune dysfunction, the relative effectiveness of booster (3 doses) after 6 months from the primary (2 doses) vaccination against BTI ranged from 69% to 81% during the Delta-predominant period and from 33% to 39% during the Omicron-predominant period. Relative effectiveness against BTI was lower among patients with immune dysfunction but remained statistically significant in both periods. Boosted patients had lower risk of COVID-19\u2013related hospitalization (hazard ratios [HR] ranged from 0.5 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .48\u2013.53] to 0.63 [95% CI, .56\u2013.70]), invasive cardiopulmonary support, or death (HRs ranged from 0.46 [95% CI, .41\u2013.52] to 0.63 [95% CI, .50\u2013.79]) during both periods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Booster vaccines remain effective against severe COVID-19 BTI throughout the Delta- and Omicron-predominant periods, regardless of patients\u2019 immune status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:47:34Z","timestamp":1704840454000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effectiveness of mRNA Booster Vaccine Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Severe Outcomes Among Persons With and Without Immune Dysfunction: A Retrospective Cohort Study of National Electronic Medical Record Data in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3741-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qulu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred J","family":"Anzalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison G","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus , Denver, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L","family":"Olex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jomol","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasia","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison , Madison, Wisconsin , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Hospital , Madison, Wisconsin , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Haendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Artificial Intelligence, University of Colorado , Denver, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorry","family":"Segev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3690-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Y","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunization and Infection in Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, Florida , USA"},{"name":"Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasvinder A","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roslyn B","family":"Mannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G","family":"Chute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena C","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024022012535567300_ofae019-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J 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