{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:43:29Z","timestamp":1784735009614,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nocardia tends to cause infection in immunocompromised patients or those with chronic pulmonary disease. Nocardia is known to recur, prompting the practice of secondary prophylaxis in patients perceived at high risk. However, few data exist regarding the epidemiology of recurrent nocardiosis or the effectiveness of secondary prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with nocardiosis from November 2011 to April 2022, including patients who completed primary treatment and had at least 30 days of posttreatment follow-up. Propensity score matching was used to analyze the effect of secondary prophylaxis on Nocardia recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fifteen of 303 (5.0%) patients developed recurrent nocardiosis after primary treatment. Most recurrences were diagnosed either within 60 days (N = 6\/15, 40.0%) or between 2 to 3 years (N = 4\/15, 26.7%). Patients with primary disseminated infection tended to recur within 1 year, whereas later recurrences were often nondisseminated pulmonary infection. Seventy-eight (25.7%) patients were prescribed secondary prophylaxis, mostly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (N = 67\/78). After propensity-matching, secondary prophylaxis was not associated with reduced risk of recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, .24\u20133.83), including in multiple subgroups. Eight (53.3%) patients with recurrent nocardiosis required hospitalization and no patients died from recurrent infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recurrent nocardiosis tends to occur either within months because of the same Nocardia species or after several years with a new species. Although we did not find evidence for the effectiveness of secondary prophylaxis, the confidence intervals were wide. However, outcomes of recurrent nocardiosis are generally favorable and may not justify long-term antibiotic prophylaxis for this indication alone.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T20:51:47Z","timestamp":1709326307000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Epidemiology, Timing, and Secondary Prophylaxis of Recurrent Nocardiosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary A","family":"Yetmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1903-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan B","family":"Khodadadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3507-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supavit","family":"Chesdachai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7507-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack W","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6964-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas W","family":"Challener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2853-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy L","family":"Wengenack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3021-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendelyn","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7384-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Seville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Phoenix, Arizona , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5807-2299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Beam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042607421613600_ofae122-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03306.x","article-title":"Nocardiosis in Quebec, Canada, 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