{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T23:31:42Z","timestamp":1763767902126,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reasons for the high prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in sub-Saharan Africa, and risk factors leading to viral reactivation and shedding, remain largely undefined. Preliminary studies have suggested that schistosome infection, which has been associated with impaired viral control, is associated with KSHV. In this study we sought to determine the relationship between active Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium infection and KSHV shedding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We quantified KSHV DNA in saliva and cervical swabs from 2 cohorts of women living in northwestern Tanzanian communities endemic for S mansoni or S haematobium by real-time polymerase chain reaction. \u03c72 and Fisher exact tests were used to determine differences in clinical and demographic factors between those who were and were not shedding KSHV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 139 total women, 44.6% were KSHV seropositive. Six percent of those with S mansoni and 17.1% of those with S haematobium were actively shedding KSHV in saliva and none in cervical samples. Women from the S mansoni cohort who were shedding virus reported infertility more frequently (80% vs 19.5%, P = .009). There was no difference in frequency of KSHV salivary shedding between schistosome-infected and -uninfected women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In an area with high KSHV seroprevalence and endemic schistosome infections, we provide the first report with data demonstrating no association between schistosome infection and salivary or cervical herpesvirus shedding. KSHV salivary shedding was associated with infertility, a known effect of another herpesvirus, human herpesvirus 6.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T19:57:56Z","timestamp":1710878276000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Kaposi Sarcoma\u2013Associated Herpesvirus Shedding in Saliva or Cervical Secretions in a Cohort of Tanzanian Women"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-0600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M","family":"Mertelsmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crispin","family":"Mukerebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Miyaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Shigella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loyce","family":"Mhango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lutonja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul L A M","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"de Dood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govert J","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soledad","family":"Colombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane K","family":"Maganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Aristide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel E","family":"Kalluvya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen M","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra A","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myung Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Changalucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9537-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre , Mwanza , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.3390\/v6114178","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","volume":"6","author":"Minhas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0060-9","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma","volume":"5","author":"Cesarman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2888","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma and its associated herpesvirus","volume":"10","author":"Mesri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.02.006","article-title":"Update on KSHV-epidemiology, Kaposi sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma","volume":"305","author":"Uldrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200212060-00014","article-title":"Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 by sexual activity among adults in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Eltom","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy262","article-title":"Determinants of gammaherpesvirus shedding in saliva among Ugandan children and their mothers","volume":"218","author":"Newton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12464","article-title":"Association between malaria exposure and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus seropositivity in Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Nalwoga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz916","article-title":"Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus DNA in blood and in saliva in rural Uganda","volume":"71","author":"Nalwoga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31828a7056","article-title":"Risk factors for seropositivity to Kaposi sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus among children in Uganda","volume":"63","author":"Wakeham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-6-15","article-title":"Parasite infection is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Ugandan women","volume":"6","author":"Wakeham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1086\/421466","article-title":"Shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in oral and genital secretions from HIV-1\u2013seropositive and \u2013seronegative Kenyan women","volume":"190","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011093431904","article-title":"Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men","volume":"343","author":"Pauk","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007776","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus seropositivity is associated with parasite infections in Ugandan fishing communities on Lake Victoria Islands","volume":"13","author":"Nalwoga","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1086\/423326","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of human herpesvirus-8 in South Africa","volume":"190","author":"Dedicoat","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1086\/424489","article-title":"Detection of Kaposi sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus DNA in saliva and buffy-coat samples from children with sickle cell disease in Uganda","volume":"190","author":"Mbulaiteye","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(99)00061-X","article-title":"Seroprevalence of human herpes virus 8 in different Eritrean population groups","volume":"14","author":"Enbom","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02729-X","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 8 transmission from mother to child and between siblings in an endemic population","volume":"356","author":"Plancoulaine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1086\/600103","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma\u2013associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroprevalence in population-based samples of African children: evidence for at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission","volume":"200","author":"Butler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B19","first-page":"442","article-title":"A population-based study of how children are exposed to saliva in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa: implications for the spread of saliva-borne pathogens to children","volume":"15","author":"Butler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/420890","article-title":"Saliva and the transmission of human herpesvirus 8: potential role of promoter-arthropod bites","volume":"190","author":"Coluzzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1086\/509621","article-title":"Frequent and asymptomatic oropharyngeal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 among immunocompetent men","volume":"195","author":"Casper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23941","article-title":"Oral HHV-8 replication among women in Mombasa, Kenya: oral HHV-8 in Kenya","volume":"86","author":"Phipps","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804023381403","article-title":"Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection","volume":"338","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.07.098","article-title":"Geographic heterogeneity of prevalence of the human herpesvirus 8 in sub-Saharan Africa: clues about etiology","volume":"20","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009555","article-title":"Effects of schistosomes on host anti-viral immune response and the acquisition, virulence, and prevention of viral infections: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Bullington","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0395","article-title":"Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infection in Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"Downs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0897","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus in men in Tanzania","volume":"96","author":"Downs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007844","article-title":"Insufficiency of annual praziquantel treatment to control Schistosoma mansoni infections in adult women: a longitudinal cohort study in rural Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0790","article-title":"Decreased sensitivity of Schistosoma sp. egg microscopy in women and HIV-infected individuals","volume":"98","author":"Colombe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"author":"World Health Organization","key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B30"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2010.02.015","article-title":"Detection of antibodies to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: a new approach using K8.1 ELISA and a newly developed recombinant LANA ELISA","volume":"356","author":"Mbisa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001750","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001750","article-title":"The Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) scale: development and validation of a household water insecurity measure for low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"4","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.65.350","article-title":"Gender differences in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in a population with schistosomiasis in rural China","volume":"65","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.409","article-title":"Short report: intestinal parasites in Kaposi sarcoma patients in Uganda: indication of shared risk factors or etiologic association","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3277","article-title":"The impact of differential antiviral immunity in children and adults","volume":"12","author":"Prendergast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy742","article-title":"Altered cervical mucosal gene expression and lower interleukin 15 levels in women with Schistosoma haematobium infection but not in women with Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"219","author":"Dupnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00868-9","article-title":"Cervicovaginal bacterial communities in reproductive-aged Tanzanian women with Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, or without schistosome infection","volume":"15","author":"Bullington","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0158304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158304","article-title":"Presence of HHV-6A in endometrial epithelial cells from women with primary unexplained infertility","volume":"11","author":"Marci","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00791-06","article-title":"Pregnancy and human herpesvirus 8 reactivation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1\u2013infected women","volume":"44","author":"Lisco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000132495.89162.c0","article-title":"Water, socioeconomic factors, and human herpesvirus 8 infection in Ugandan children and their mothers","volume":"38","author":"Mbulaiteye","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10817","article-title":"The sero-epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV\/HHV-8) in adults with cancer in Uganda","volume":"103","author":"Newton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990412)81:2<189::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 8 primary infection occurs during childhood in Cameroon, Central Africa","volume":"81","author":"Gessain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.018","article-title":"Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and transfusion-transmissible infections in Tanzanian blood donors","volume":"95","author":"Lidenge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042308461429600_ofae161-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn125","article-title":"Early childhood infection by human herpesvirus 8 in Zambia and the role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coinfection in a highly endemic area","volume":"168","author":"Minhas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae161\/57021085\/ofae161.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/11\/4\/ofae161\/57306857\/ofae161.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/11\/4\/ofae161\/57306857\/ofae161.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T12:59:47Z","timestamp":1731589187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae161\/7632034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2328-8957"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"article-number":"ofae161"}}