{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:14:32Z","timestamp":1767856472990,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An increased pertussis burden has been demonstrated among Hispanic or Latino and American Indian or Alaska Native (AI\/AN) infants. However, data on potential disparities among other age and racial groups are limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed pertussis cases reported through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance from 2010 to 2017. Pertussis and severe pertussis incidence were calculated by race (White, Black or African American, AI\/AN, and Asian or Pacific Islanders), ethnicity (Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or non-Latino), and age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with White persons, overall incidence was lower among Black or African American (incidence rate ratio [IRR], .57; 95% confidence interval [CI], .53-.61), AI\/AN (IRR, 0.65; 95% CI, .58-.72), and Asian or Pacific Islander persons (IRR, 0.39; 95% CI, .35-.43). Overall incidence of pertussis was higher (1.5-fold; 95% CI, 1.37-1.60) among Hispanic or Latino compared with non-Hispanic or non-Latino adults, potentially related to household size or lower pertussis vaccine uptake among adult Hispanic or Latino cases. Severe pertussis incidence was similar among Black or African American and AI\/AN persons compared with White persons. Among infants, severe pertussis incidence was 1.4-fold higher (95% CI, 1.03-1.82) among Black or African American infants than among White infants, and 2.1-fold higher (95% CI, 1.67-2.57) among Hispanic or Latino infants than non-Hispanic or non-Latino infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The contrast between lower reported incidence but similar or higher severe pertussis incidence among Black or African American and AI\/AN persons compared with White persons warrants further investigation and may reflect underdiagnosis or underreporting of mild disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T21:21:47Z","timestamp":1711488107000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differences in Pertussis Incidence by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2010\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaymin C","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy B","family":"Rubis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Burzalff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Minnesota Department of Health , St Paul, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Edge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Disease Control and Environmental Epidemiology Division, Department of Public Health and Environment , Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Kudish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Connecticut Department of Public Health , Hartford, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juventila","family":"Liko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Authority, Oregon Health Authority , Portland, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, New Mexico Department of Health , Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebony S","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Georgia Department of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tami H","family":"Skoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy A","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042516103457000_ofae177-B1","volume-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021","edition":"14th 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2000\u20132016","volume":"68","author":"Skoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042516103457000_ofae177-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy889","article-title":"Severe pertussis infections in the United States, 2011\u20132015","volume":"69","author":"Mbayei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042516103457000_ofae177-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001061","article-title":"Risk factors for pertussis among Hispanic infants: metropolitan Portland, Oregon, 2010\u20132012","volume":"35","author":"Levri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2024042516103457000_ofae177-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.11.046","article-title":"Pertussis-associated hospitalizations in American Indian and Alaska Native infants","volume":"152","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J 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Dis"},{"key":"2024042516103457000_ofae177-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix421","article-title":"Reduced severity of pertussis in persons with age-appropriate pertussis vaccination-United States, 2010\u20132012","volume":"65","author":"McNamara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024042516103457000_ofae177-B12","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042516103457000_ofae177-B13","author":"United States Census Bureau"},{"key":"2024042516103457000_ofae177-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-10","article-title":"Trends in racial\/ethnic disparities in medical and oral health, access to care, and use of services in US children: has anything changed over the years?","volume":"12","author":"Flores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Equity 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