{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:41:41Z","timestamp":1792215701618,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nocardiosis, a bacterial opportunistic infection caused by Nocardia spp, has recently been reported in patients with anti\u2013granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibodies, but insufficient data are available about disease presentation, outcomes, and occurrence of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP) in this population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a prospective, multicenter, nationwide study in France and included patients with a Nocardia infection who had anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies. We describe their clinical, microbiological, and radiological characteristics, and their outcome at 1 year of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty patients (18 [90%] male) were included, with a median age of 69 (interquartile range, 44\u201375) years. The organs most frequently involved were the brain (14\/20 [70%]) and the lung (12\/20 [60%]). Half of the infections were disseminated (10\/20 [50%]). Nocardia identification was predominantly made in abscess fluid (17\/20 [85%]), among which 10 (59%) were brain abscesses. The 1-year all-cause mortality was 5% (1\/20), and only 1 case of aPAP (1\/20 [5%]) occurred during the follow-up period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nocardiosis with anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies is associated with a low mortality rate despite a high incidence of brain involvement. Although the occurrence of aPAP was infrequent during the 1-year follow-up period, long-term clinical data are needed to fully understand the potential relationship between nocardiosis, anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies, and aPAP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T18:07:38Z","timestamp":1715018858000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>Nocardia<\/i> Infection in Patients With Anti\u2013Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Autoantibodies: A Prospective Multicenter French Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3194-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibault","family":"Kerdiles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, D\u00e9partement des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pital Saint-Louis, Lariboisi\u00e8re , Paris , France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Lejeune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales , CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Portais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales , CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaelle","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Metropole Savoie , Chamb\u00e9ry , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lefevre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHRU-Nancy , Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy , France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Inserm, INSPIIRE , Nancy , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Charmillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHRU-Nancy , Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibault","family":"Sixt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Dijon University Hospital , Dijon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0159-4026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Moretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Dijon University Hospital , Dijon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5244-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyril","family":"Cornille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, H\u00f4pital universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand , Clermont-Ferrand , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magali","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, H\u00f4pital universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand , Clermont-Ferrand , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Coustill\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Interne\u2013Maladies Infectieuses, CHRU Tours , Tours , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Martellosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de m\u00e9decine interne, maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Poitiers, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers , Poitiers , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Quenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Yves Le Foll , Saint-Brieuc , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Belan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe Mobile d\u2019Infectiologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Paris Centre-Cochin Port Royal , Assistance publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanny","family":"Andry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Dermatologie, CHU de la R\u00e9union , Saint Pierre , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Jaffal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincar\u00e9 , Assistance publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Pinazo-Melia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de pneumologie, H\u00f4pitaux civils de Colmar , Colmar , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Rondeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine interne, H\u00f4pital Saint-Camille , Bry-sur-Marne , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9197-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Luque Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital , Rennes , France"},{"name":"Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine, University of Rennes, UMR 1230 , Inserm, Rennes , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Jouneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU Rennes , Rennes , France"},{"name":"Institut de recherche en sant\u00e9, environnement et travail, Universit\u00e9 Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, UMR_S 1085 , Rennes , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Borie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pneumologie A H\u00f4pital Bichat, Assistance publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm, PHERE, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8891-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delphine","family":"Monnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Immunologie, CHU Rennes , Rennes , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lebeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, D\u00e9partement des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pital Saint-Louis, Lariboisi\u00e8re , Paris , France"},{"name":"Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR 6047 , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"GM-Noc Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Bergeron-Lafaurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Carpentier-Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Cottin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Froidure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Hadchouel","family":"Duverge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Jouneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Lepeule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lortholary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Mah\u00e9vas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"M\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronica","family":"Rodriguez-Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Traclet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S249761","article-title":"Invasive nocardiosis: disease presentation, diagnosis and treatment\u2014old questions, new answers?","volume":"13","author":"Lafont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw241","article-title":"Nocardia infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a multicenter European case-control study","volume":"63","author":"Coussement","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix124","article-title":"Outcome and treatment of nocardiosis after solid organ transplantation: new insights from a European study","volume":"64","author":"Lebeaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004343","article-title":"Outcomes of nocardiosis and treatment of disseminated infection in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"107","author":"Yetmar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab866","article-title":"Nocardia infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: a multicenter international retrospective study of the infectious diseases working party of the European society for blood and marrow transplantation","volume":"75","author":"Averbuch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.12.004","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of nocardiosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients","volume":"29","author":"Yetmar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12436","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012436","article-title":"Manifestations and outcomes of nocardia infections: comparison of immunocompromised and nonimmunocompromised adult patients","volume":"97","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00866-8","article-title":"Nocardiosis associated with primary immunodeficiencies (Nocar-DIP): an international retrospective study and literature review","volume":"40","author":"Lafont","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad409","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad409","article-title":"Mortality after nocardiosis: risk factors and evaluation of disseminated infection","volume":"10","author":"Yetmar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.05.029","article-title":"Prognosis and factors associated with disseminated nocardiosis: a ten-year multicenter study","volume":"85","author":"Soueges","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20211387","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211387","article-title":"Human autoantibodies underlying infectious diseases","volume":"219","author":"Puel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd4585","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20220514","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220514","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia","volume":"219","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202526","article-title":"Anti\u2013GM-CSF autoantibodies in patients with cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"190","author":"Rosen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu968","article-title":"Nocardia-induced granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is neutralized by autoantibodies in disseminated\/extrapulmonary nocardiosis","volume":"60","author":"Rosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02103-9","article-title":"Neutralizing GM-CSF autoantibodies in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, cryptococcal meningitis and severe nocardiosis","volume":"23","author":"Salvator","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-023-01451-5","article-title":"Anti-GM-CSF neutralizing autoantibodies in Colombian patients with disseminated cryptococcosis","volume":"43","author":"Arango-Franco","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.03.020","article-title":"Opportunistic infections in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis","volume":"65","author":"Punatar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220040","article-title":"Infections in autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a large retrospective cohort","volume":"79","author":"Mabo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13831","article-title":"Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis","volume":"25","author":"Jouneau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B21","first-page":"580","article-title":"[A case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis which initially deteriorated rapidly with exacerbation of pulmonary nocardiosis, responded promptly to treatment of the pulmonary nocardiosis]","volume":"48","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa612","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa612","article-title":"Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-specific autoantibodies and cerebral Nocardia with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis","volume":"8","author":"Berthoux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i12.2874","article-title":"Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicated with nocardiosis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfz024","article-title":"Utilization of LC-MS to determine monoclonal gammopathy-associated granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor antibody and novel treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis","volume":"5","author":"Ekici","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0609-1","article-title":"Disseminated Nocardia paucivorans infection in an immunocompetent host","volume":"42","author":"Hammoud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac146","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac146","article-title":"Opportunistic infection associated with elevated GM-CSF autoantibodies: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B27"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B28"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B29"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B30"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.06.013","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing and species identification of Nocardia isolates: a retrospective analysis of data from a French expert laboratory, 2010\u20132015","volume":"25","author":"Lebeaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02942-15","article-title":"Multicenter matrix-assisted Laser desorption ionization\u2013time of flight mass spectrometry study for identification of clinically relevant Nocardia spp","volume":"54","author":"Blosser","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00237-18","article-title":"Evaluation of the Vitek MS v3.0 matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization\u2013time of flight mass spectrometry system for identification of Mycobacterium and Nocardia species","volume":"56","author":"Body","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.024","article-title":"Routine identification of Nocardia species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"87","author":"Girard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03758-x","article-title":"Assessment of VITEK\u00ae MS IVD database V3.0 for identification of Nocardia spp. Using two culture media and comparing direct smear and protein extraction procedures","volume":"39","author":"Durand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B36"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00994-11","article-title":"Multisite reproducibility of the broth microdilution method for susceptibility testing of Nocardia species","volume":"50","author":"Conville","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B38","first-page":"754","article-title":"Epidemiology and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of the main Nocardia species in Spain","volume":"72","author":"Valdezate","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1565","article-title":"High-affinity autoantibodies specifically eliminate granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor activity in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis","volume":"103","author":"Uchida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1086\/519283","article-title":"A systematic review of the methods used to assess the association between appropriate antibiotic therapy and mortality in bacteremic patients","volume":"45","author":"McGregor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00607-8","article-title":"Recurrence in tuberculosis: relapse or reinfection?","volume":"3","author":"Lambert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.006","article-title":"Fate-mapping of GM-CSF expression identifies a discrete subset of inflammation-driving T helper cells regulated by cytokines IL-23 and IL-1\u03b2","volume":"50","author":"Komuczki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.01.007","article-title":"Dysregulation of the cytokine GM-CSF induces spontaneous phagocyte invasion and immunopathology in the central nervous system","volume":"46","author":"Spath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.003","article-title":"Commanding CNS invasion: GM-CSF","volume":"46","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189021","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01890-21","article-title":"Nocardiosis in Japan: a multicentric retrospective cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0179981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179981","article-title":"Prevalence and correlation of cytokine-specific autoantibodies with epidemiological factors and C-reactive protein in 8,972 healthy individuals: results from the Danish blood donor study","volume":"12","author":"von Stemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2010.03.003","article-title":"High avidity cytokine autoantibodies in health and disease: pathogenesis and mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Watanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2024062411203268000_ofae269-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-155689","article-title":"Granulocyte\/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies and myeloid cell immune functions in healthy subjects","volume":"113","author":"Uchida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae269\/57420216\/ofae269.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/11\/6\/ofae269\/58311797\/ofae269.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/11\/6\/ofae269\/58311797\/ofae269.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T11:26:42Z","timestamp":1719228402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae269\/7665611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"article-number":"ofae269"}}