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Biologics are increasingly used in the treatment of neoplasms and autoimmune\/inflammatory conditions and the prevention of transplant rejection, which may affect human defense mechanisms against cryptococcosis. In this review, we comprehensively investigate the association between cryptococcosis and various biologics, highlighting their risks of infection, clinical manifestations, and clinical outcomes. Clinicians should remain vigilant for the risk of cryptococcosis in patients receiving biologics that affect the Th1\/macrophage activation pathways, such as tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 antagonists, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, fingolimod, JAK\/STAT inhibitors (Janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription), and monoclonal antibody against CD52. Other risk factors\u2014such as age, underlying condition, and concurrent immunosuppressants, especially corticosteroids\u2014should also be taken into account during risk stratification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T16:23:35Z","timestamp":1718641415000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cryptococcosis Associated With Biologic Therapy: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, IHU Imagine , Paris , France"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Paccoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, IHU Imagine , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koon-Ho","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok-Yung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Manchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, IHU Imagine , Paris , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Lanternier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, IHU Imagine , Paris , France"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Mycology Translational Research Group, Mycology Department, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica A","family":"Slavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank L","family":"van de Veerdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc , Nijmegen , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2676-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tihana","family":"Bicanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London , London , 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