{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:00:33Z","timestamp":1791594033622,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Global Emerging Infections Surveillance","award":["P0154_22_N2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0154_22_N2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007865","name":"University of Texas Medical Branch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years, Vietnam has suffered multiple epizootics of influenza in poultry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 10 January 2019 to 26 April 2021, we employed a One Health influenza surveillance approach at live bird markets (LBMs) and swine farms in Northern Vietnam. When the COVID-19 pandemic permitted, each month, field teams collected oral secretion samples from poultry and pigs, animal facility bioaerosol and fecal samples, and animal worker nasal washes at 4 LBMs and 5 swine farms across 5 sites. Initially samples were screened with molecular assays followed by culture in embryonated eggs (poultry swabs) or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (human or swine swabs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many of the 3493 samples collected had either molecular or culture evidence for influenza A virus, including 314 (37.5%) of the 837 poultry oropharyngeal swabs, 144 (25.1%) of the 574 bioaerosol samples, 438 (34.9%) of the 1257 poultry fecal swab samples, and 16 (1.9%) of the 828 human nasal washes. Culturing poultry samples yielded 454 influenza A isolates, 83 of which were H5, and 70 (84.3%) of these were highly pathogenic. Additionally, a positive human sample had a H9N2 avian-like PB1 gene. In contrast, the prevalence of influenza A in the swine farms was much lower with only 6 (0.4%) of the 1700 total swine farm samples studied, having molecular evidence for influenza A virus.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study suggests that Vietnam's LBMs continue to harbor high prevalences of avian influenza A viruses, including many highly pathogenic H5N6 strains, which will continue to threaten poultry and humans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T12:24:57Z","timestamp":1720700697000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High Prevalence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: A Virus in Vietnam's Live Bird Markets"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Duy Tung","family":"Dao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Hanoi , Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen K","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health , College Park, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vuong N","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Hanoi , Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh 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Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuc Duc","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health , Hanoi , Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel C","family":"Christy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huy C","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M","family":"Rubrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J","family":"Webby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4628-5908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory C","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas , 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