{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:30:44Z","timestamp":1787009444909,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW011532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW011532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people with HIV (PHIV) globally. Our study is the first to evaluate TB incidence and its risk factors among PHIV in the country of Georgia, where previously no data were available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted among persons newly diagnosed with HIV in Georgia during 2019\u20132020. Active TB incidence was calculated within a minimum of 2-year follow-up period from HIV diagnosis. Cox proportional hazard model was used for evaluating risk factors for TB development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median age in the final cohort of 1165 PHIV was 38 (interquartile range, 30\u201348) and 76.3% were male. Twenty-nine percent of patients had a CD4 cell count &amp;lt;200 at HIV diagnosis and 89.9% initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART). TB incidence rate was 10\/1000 person-years (p-y; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6\u201310.4), with rates being higher within several subgroups, mainly: PHIV aged 40\u201349 years (17.5\/1 000 p-y [95% CI, 16.8\u201318.2]); those not receiving ART (22\/1000 p-y [95% CI, 20.9\u201323.1]); those with CD4 &amp;lt; 200 at baseline (28\/1000 p-y [95% CI, 27.4\u201328.6]); and those who developed AIDS (29.1\/1 000 p-y [95% CI, 28.6\u201329.6]). Age (aHR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.39; P = .01) and AIDS diagnosis (aHR, 3.2; 95% CI, 3.06\u201327.9; P = .001) were associated with TB development, whereas high CD4 count was protective against TB (aHR, 0.18; 95% CI, .06\u2013.61; P = .005).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study results highlight an imperative role of CD4 cell count management and the need for early HIV diagnosis and timely initiation of ART to ensure an effective immune response against tuberculosis, stressing the need for further in-depth evaluation of the TB preventive treatment delivery system's efficiency and gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T07:59:00Z","timestamp":1724054340000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Incidence Rate and Risk Factors for Developing Active Tuberculosis Among People Living With HIV in Georgia 2019\u20132020 Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8434-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Buziashvili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Unit, National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases , Tbilisi ,","place":["Georgia"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Tbilisi State University , Tbilisi ,","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamuka","family":"Djibuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partnership for Research and Action for Health (PRAH) , Tbilisi ,","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestani","family":"Tukvadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Unit, National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases , Tbilisi ,","place":["Georgia"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Allschwil ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"DeHovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University , Brooklyn, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davit","family":"Baliashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partnership for Research and Action for Health (PRAH) , Tbilisi ,","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092714533826100_ofae466-B1","author":"UNAIDS"},{"key":"2024092714533826100_ofae466-B2","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"2024092714533826100_ofae466-B3","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"2024092714533826100_ofae466-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002464","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002464","article-title":"Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection","volume":"8","author":"Pawlowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2024092714533826100_ofae466-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01582-4","article-title":"Tuberculosis unleashed: the impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the host granulomatous response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Lawn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2024092714533826100_ofae466-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.123","article-title":"HIV-1 and the immune response to TB","volume":"8","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"2024092714533826100_ofae466-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1086\/426827","article-title":"How soon after infection with HIV does the risk of tuberculosis start to increase? 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