{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:32:26Z","timestamp":1792798346191,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS086312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS086312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the leading causes of death in sub-Saharan Africa among patients with advanced HIV disease. Early diagnosis is crucial in improving treatment outcomes. Despite advances and the availability of modern and point-of-care diagnostics for cryptococcosis, gaps still exist in resource-constrained settings, leading to unfavorable treatment outcomes. Here, we review the current outstanding issues or missing links that need to be filled to optimize the diagnosis of cryptococcosis in resource-constrained settings to improve treatment outcomes. We highlight the evolution of cryptococcosis diagnostics; the roles of early fungicidal activity, cryptococcal antigen titers, antifungal susceptibility testing, and therapeutic drug monitoring; and the missing links to optimize diagnosis and outcomes, including practical recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T19:25:54Z","timestamp":1724786754000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evolution of Laboratory Diagnostics for Cryptococcosis and Missing Links to Optimize Diagnosis and Outcomes in Resource-Constrained Settings"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5270-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Kwizera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeo K","family":"Kiiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Akampurira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kimuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Mugabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B","family":"Meya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092714540415400_ofae487-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4080725","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4080725","article-title":"Eucalyptus tree: a potential source of Cryptococcus 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