{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:12:01Z","timestamp":1753877521879,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The menstrual cycle is a critical indicator of women's health. Early prolonged secondary amenorrhea increases risks for morbidity and mortality. Menstrual cycle research in women with HIV is inconsistent and often lacks an adequate comparison sample. We aimed to determine whether women with HIV have a higher lifetime prevalence of amenorrhea and whether this is independently associated with HIV and\/or other biopsychosocial variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With data from 2 established HIV cohorts, participants assigned female at birth were eligible if aged \u226516 years, not pregnant\/lactating, and without anorexia\/bulimia nervosa history. Amenorrhea was defined by self-reported history of (1) no menstrual flow for \u226512 months postmenarche not due to pregnancy\/lactation, medications, or surgery or (2) early menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency. Multivariable logistic regression models explored biopsychosocial covariates of amenorrhea.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 317 women with HIV (median age, 47.5 years [IQR, 39.2\u201356.4]) and 420 women without HIV (46.2 [32.6\u201357.2]) were included. Lifetime amenorrhea was significantly more prevalent among women with HIV than women without HIV (24.0% vs 13.3%). In the multivariable analysis, independent covariates of amenorrhea included HIV (adjusted odds ratio, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.10\u20132.64]), older age (1.01 [1.00\u20131.04]), White ethnicity (1.92 [1.24\u20133.03]), substance use history (6.41 [3.75\u201311.1]), and current food insecurity (2.03 [1.13\u20133.61]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nearly one-quarter of women with HIV have experienced amenorrhea, and this is associated with modifiable risk factors, including substance use and food insecurity. Care providers should regularly assess women's menstrual health and advocate for actionable sociostructural change to mitigate risks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T17:57:51Z","timestamp":1724695071000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of Early Prolonged Secondary Amenorrhea in Women With and Without HIV"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7507-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayda A","family":"Swann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute , BC Women\u2018s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Edwin S. H. Leong Healthy Aging Program, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute , BC Women\u2018s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davi","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela A P","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute , BC Women\u2018s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber R","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute , BC Women\u2018s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3232-0597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerilynn C","family":"Prior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute , BC Women\u2018s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Loutfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Kaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute , BC Women\u2018s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0535-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne C F","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute , BC Women\u2018s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Edwin S. H. Leong Healthy Aging Program, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9538-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie C M","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute , BC Women\u2018s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Edwin S. H. 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