{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:24:39Z","timestamp":1789730679822,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were introduced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. This also resulted in a reduction of notifications of other acute respiratory infections and an altered seasonality when NPIs were lifted. Without circulation of pathogens, waning of antibodies is expected, which is a first indicator of decreased immunity. Here, by performing a systematic literature review, we investigated whether reduced antibody levels due to waning immunity contributed to the altered seasonality after NPIs were lifted. Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria and reported antibody levels or seroprevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus, seasonal human coronavirus, Bordetella pertussis, and influenza virus. We show that the COVID-19 pandemic most likely led to waning of pathogen-specific antibodies, with the strongest evidence for human respiratory syncytial virus and seasonal human coronavirus and with a larger decrease in children vs adults. Waning antibodies might have resulted in out-of-season activity for these pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T10:19:31Z","timestamp":1727259571000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on <i>Bordetella pertussis<\/i>, Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Influenza Virus, and Seasonal Coronavirus Antibody Levels: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8809-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Channah M","family":"Gaasbeek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM , Bilthoven ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM , Bilthoven ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboudumc , Nijmegen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory D","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5204-2312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Koopmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"van Binnendijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM , Bilthoven ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerco","family":"den Hartog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM , Bilthoven ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboudumc , Nijmegen ,","place":["the 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children in Guangzhou: a three-year study","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024102921262669000_ofae518-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.10.013","article-title":"Detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in acute respiratory infections","volume":"68","author":"Obasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2024102921262669000_ofae518-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010141","article-title":"Understanding rhinovirus circulation and impact on illness","volume":"14","author":"Esneau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2024102921262669000_ofae518-B7","first-page":"100015","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other seasonal respiratory virus circulation in Canada: a population-based study","volume":"1","author":"Groves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health 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teaching hospital 2016\u20132021; impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"84","author":"Lumley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2024102921262669000_ofae518-B41","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control"},{"key":"2024102921262669000_ofae518-B42","author":"Caini"},{"key":"2024102921262669000_ofae518-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100196","article-title":"More than 10 years after introduction of an acellular pertussis vaccine in infancy: a cross-sectional serosurvey of pertussis in the Netherlands","volume":"10","author":"Versteegen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2024102921262669000_ofae518-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23696","article-title":"Kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus infections in a birth cohort","volume":"85","author":"Sande","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med 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