{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:01:03Z","timestamp":1785564063217,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Migration routes determine exposure to endemic infections. We present a case of complex cutaneous leishmaniasis in a man with HIV infection who migrated to the United States from Haiti, where Leishmania is uncommon, acquiring leishmaniasis while on his journey via South America and Central America. His presentation included hyperpigmented, nonulcerated plaques and nodules on his extremities, chest, back, face, palms, and soles; initially he had no mucosal lesions. Infection with Leishmania panamensis was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction. He was prescribed bictegravir\/tenofovir alafenamide\/emtricitabine with rapid suppression of HIV and liposomal amphotericin B for diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with a limited initial response. He subsequently developed mucosal lesions in the setting of immune reconstitution and was retreated with amphotericin dosed for mucocutaneous disease. A thorough migration history was critical to diagnosis. This case highlights the different presentations of leishmaniasis in people with HIV and the elevated risk for treatment failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T13:20:58Z","timestamp":1728912058000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Patient With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and HIV: A Diagnostic Challenge for Clinicians Caring for a Migrant Population in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"De La Hoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirupa","family":"Gadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina G","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Barrera-Godinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy S","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L","family":"Bourque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"Brem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekin","family":"Ozluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetika","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kimball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Immigrant and Refugee Health Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston , Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B1","author":"International Organization for Migration"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102317","article-title":"US bound journey of migrant peoples InTransit across Dante's Inferno and Purgatory in the Americas","volume":"47","author":"Higuita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B3","first-page":"204993612210977","article-title":"False-positive rapid diagnostic test for malaria in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a tale of two travelers","volume":"9","author":"Unterborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068821","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068821","article-title":"Initial health assessments for newly arrived migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers","volume":"377","author":"Knights","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B5","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.6587","article-title":"Screening for HIV infection: US preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"321","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.06.002","article-title":"HIV testing strategies for health departments to end the epidemic in the US","volume":"61","author":"Delaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6925a2","article-title":"HIV testing trends at visits to physician offices, community health centers, and emergency departments\u2014United States, 2009\u20132017","volume":"69","author":"Hoover","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a 2022 updated narrative review into diagnosis and management developments","volume":"23","author":"de Vries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-016-0002-0","article-title":"Diffuse and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical cases experienced in Ecuador and a brief review","volume":"44","author":"Hashiguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.07.011","article-title":"Changing trends in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of Leishmania-HIV co-infection in India","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0693","article-title":"A cluster of cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with human smuggling","volume":"84","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.1998.tb00739.x","article-title":"American cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with HIV infection: report of four cases","volume":"10","author":"Mattos","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030578","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the United States: emerging issues in a region of low endemicity","volume":"9","author":"Curtin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taz055","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz055","article-title":"Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers and migrants: a 20-year GeoSentinel Surveillance Network analysis","volume":"26","author":"Boggild","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0124","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cuban immigrants to Texas who traveled through the Dari\u00e9n jungle, Panama","volume":"91","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw670","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)","volume":"63","author":"Aronson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy281","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy281","article-title":"First case of diffuse leishmaniasis associated with Leishmania panamensis","volume":"5","author":"Olivo Freites","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03804.x","article-title":"Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Sinha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20198775","article-title":"Disseminated leishmaniasis: clinical, pathogenic, and therapeutic aspects","volume":"94","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1159\/000441120","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: report of 27 cases","volume":"7","author":"V\u00e9lez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Dermatol"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.6.924","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: review of 59 cases seen at the National Institutes of Health","volume":"15","author":"Melby","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.2133","article-title":"Incidence of endemic human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the United States","volume":"154","author":"McIlwee","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13993","article-title":"Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"48","author":"Kassardjian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0075","article-title":"Short communication: mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in HIV-related immune reconstitution syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.12788\/cutis.0876","article-title":"What's eating you? Phlebotomine sandflies and Leishmania parasites","volume":"112","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B27","first-page":"73","article-title":"Leishmania spp and leishmaniasis on the Caribbean islands","volume":"114","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B28","first-page":"147","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection: current challenges","volume":"8","author":"Lauletta Lindoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00061-07","article-title":"The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years","volume":"21","author":"Alvar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06226.x","article-title":"Comparative study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013infected patients and non\u2013HIV-infected patients in French Guiana","volume":"151","author":"Couppie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0649","article-title":"A patient presenting with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) as a first indicator of HIV infection in India","volume":"85","author":"Lezama-Davila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957414555225","article-title":"Leishmaniasis as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-infected patients: a literature review","volume":"14","author":"Badar\u00f3","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1086\/497338","article-title":"Tegumentary leishmaniasis as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in 2 patients with AIDS","volume":"192","author":"Posada-Vergara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v26i4.314","article-title":"Leishmaniasis cut\u00e1nea difusa en un paciente con sida","volume":"26","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"2024102921310917300_ofae587-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0131","article-title":"Case report: coinfection by Leishmania amazonensis and HIV in a Brazilian diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis patient","volume":"103","author":"Corr\u00eaa Soares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae587\/59746625\/ofae587.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/11\/10\/ofae587\/60200097\/ofae587.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/11\/10\/ofae587\/60200097\/ofae587.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1730237486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae587\/7821064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofae587","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"article-number":"ofae587"}}