{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:29:32Z","timestamp":1763468972329,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":99,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1189053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1189053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Healthcare Research Mucosal and Respiratory Pathogens Unit","award":["16\/136\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/46"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Every year an estimated 2\u20133 million babies are stillborn, with a high burden in Africa. Infection is an important driver of stillbirth. There is a lack of data on the bacterial causes of stillbirth in Uganda, contributing to a lack of interventions such as effective prophylaxis and development of maternal vaccine options against the most implicated pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The PROGRESS study was an observational cohort study undertaken in Kampala, Uganda, between November 2018 and April 2021. If a woman delivered a stillborn baby, consent was sought for the collection of a heart-blood aspirate. One to three mL of blood was collected and sent for culture using the BD Bactec blood culture system. Organism identification was performed using biochemical testing and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization\u2013time of flight mass spectrometry. Susceptibilities to appropriate panels of antimicrobials were determined by agar dilution.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Kawempe Hospital registered 34 517 births in the study period, of which 1717 (5.0%) were stillbirths. A total of 581 (33.8%) were recruited into the study, and heart blood aspirates were performed on 569 (97.9%). Blood samples were sufficient for analysis of 476, with a total of 108 positive cultures (22.7% of sampled stillbirths). Fifty-nine of 108 blood cultures contained organisms that were considered potential pathogens, giving a pathogen positivity rate of 12.4%. Common pathogens included Enterococcus spp. (n = 14), Escherichia coli (n = 13), viridans streptococci (n = 18), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 6), and group B Streptococcus (n = 5). Gram-negative organisms were frequently resistant to commonly used first-line antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The high proportion of stillbirths caused by likely pathogenic bacteria in Uganda highlights the potential for prevention with prophylaxis and stresses the need for further investment in this area.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:15:06Z","timestamp":1741587306000},"page":"S165-S172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Infectious Causes of Stillbirths: A Descriptive Etiological Study in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Hookham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Makerere University\u2014Johns Hopkins University (MUJHU) Research Collaboration , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]},{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit , Entebbe ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3395-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Tusubira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University\u2014Johns Hopkins University (MUJHU) Research Collaboration , Kampala 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