{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:04:35Z","timestamp":1787861075815,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Household transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may play a key role in times of increased infection, particularly among children. We aimed to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and identify risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unvaccinated children aged 18 months to 11 years between August 2022 and June 2023 underwent oral fluid testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Caregivers completed electronic surveys at 4 major healthcare practices in Northern and Central New Jersey. Information was collected on demographics, household size, vaccination status, and prior SARS-CoV-2\u2013related illness. Multivariable logistic regression determined individual and household-level factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 870 children provided tests and corresponding surveys. Children were predominantly Hispanic (37%) or non-Hispanic Black (30%), and on average 5.7 years old. Overall SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity was 68%. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 positivity include Hispanic or non-Hispanic Black race\/ethnicity (adjusted odds ratios [aOR], 2.29 and 1.95 vs. White race\/ethnicity; P &amp;lt; .01) and later enrollment in the study period. Children from households with \u22651 vaccinated adult were 52% less likely to be antibody positive than those from households with no vaccinated adults (aOR: 0.38, [95% confidence interval 0.2 to 0.69]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is high burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection among children over time. Adult vaccination appears to be a protective factor in helping to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among children. Increased vaccination of adults in the community can help inform COVID-19 prevention strategies for minors in the household.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T10:56:52Z","timestamp":1736506612000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibody Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in a Large Cohort of US Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4939-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bozena J","family":"Katic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Service, New Jersey Department of Health , Trenton, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"CDC Foundation, State Funded Projects , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aspasia","family":"Katragkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System , Morristown, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L","family":"Alvitres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Service, New Jersey Department of Health , Trenton, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7778-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha","family":"Gurumurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9843-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1400-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph V","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3733-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzma N","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Specialty Center, Cooperman-Barnabas Medical Center , West Orange, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4136-3970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunanda","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan S","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary C","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System , Morristown, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"DiPentima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System , Morristown, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System , Morristown, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Richlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Specialty Center, Cooperman-Barnabas Medical Center , West Orange, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaura","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhil","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey 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