{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T19:43:50Z","timestamp":1787341430063,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine factors that put US veterans with active tuberculosis at risk for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) compared with pulmonary tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included veterans with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from 1990\u20132022 in our retrospective cohort study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association of demographic and clinical risk factors with EPTB.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 7493 veterans aged 20\u2013100 years (median, 58 years) with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis, 1397 (19%) had EPTB. The most common EPTB infection among veterans was pleural (31.4%), while meningitis carried the highest mortality risk at 90 days. Factors independently associated with EPTB among veterans were non-Hispanic black race\/ethnicity, diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus infection, severe kidney disease, and all-cause mortality within 90 days after tuberculosis diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study demonstrated several risk factors for EPTB among US veterans. Healthcare providers should be educated regarding patient populations at risk for EPTB, especially given the challenges in diagnosing this disease and the importance of instituting early treatment to prevent severe illness and death.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T18:51:34Z","timestamp":1732733494000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Risk Factors for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Among US Veterans, 1990\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7623-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina","family":"Oda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, Public Health National Program Office , Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4378-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Lucero-Obusan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, Public Health National Program Office , Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6457-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, Public Health National Program Office , Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2831-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, Public Health National Program Office , Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6655-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Holodniy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, Public Health National Program Office , Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024122308174533200_ofae698-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2024122308174533200_ofae698-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.16141","article-title":"Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. 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