{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:52:56Z","timestamp":1771480376367,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID TTU 02.911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID TTU 02.911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI152087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI152087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u00a0<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evidence on tuberculosis (TB) ultrasound patterns is scarce. We systematically reviewed the literature aiming to identify common TB ultrasound features. Sources included PubMed, Cochrane Library, and others (1 January 2000 through 30 August 2021). Any article type (retrospective, prospective, cases, trials) with verbal ultrasound descriptions of TB were included; those with &amp;lt;2 ultrasound features were excluded. We adapted Murad et al (2018) for quality assessment. The outcome was a descriptive frequency ranking of ultrasound features and patterns (combinations) per organ. From 388 publications, 613 ultrasound descriptions across 23 organs from 2167 individuals (465 single cases, 1702 from case series\/studies) were extracted. The most commonly described sonographic patterns related to the female breast (n = 45), the liver (n = 40), and the pancreas (n = 37). The synthesis reveals sonographic TB patterns, but is constrained by limited representativeness of studies and the partly subjective analysis. Our review may serve as a clinical or research resource.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PROSPERO (CRD42021283319)<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T11:52:58Z","timestamp":1741348378000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tuberculosis Visualized With the Ultrasound Probe: A Systematic Review of Sonographic Pattern Descriptions and an Analysis of Common Sonographic Features"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2139-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan Fabian","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZIF Partner Site Heidelberg, German Center for Infectious Disease Research , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Manten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DZIF Partner Site Heidelberg, German Center for Infectious Disease Research , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Kleiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Evangelisches Krankenhaus K\u00f6ln-Kalk , Cologne ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9858-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Ruby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZIF Partner Site T\u00fcbingen, German Center for Infectious Disease Research , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Grilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library of the Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, University Medical Center Mannheim , Mannheim ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Tobian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZIF Partner Site Heidelberg, German Center for Infectious Disease Research , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2008-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"B\u00e9lard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZIF Partner Site T\u00fcbingen, German Center for Infectious Disease Research , T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7216-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia M","family":"Denkinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"DZIF Partner Site Heidelberg, German Center for Infectious Disease Research , Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2023","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0421","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound assessment of tropical infectious diseases\u2014a review of applications and perspectives","volume":"94","author":"B\u00e9lard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0303","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound for tropical disease: implications for clinical decision-making","volume":"103","author":"Kaminstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B4","first-page":"CD012777","article-title":"Abdominal ultrasound for diagnosing abdominal tuberculosis or disseminated tuberculosis with abdominal involvement in HIV-positive individuals","volume":"9","author":"Van Hoving","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0251236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251236","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Bigio","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00015013","article-title":"Etiology, clinical features and outcome of splenic microabscesses in HIV-infected patients with prolonged fever","volume":"18","author":"Bernabeu-Wittel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/2036-7902-4-21","article-title":"Focused assessment with sonography for HIV-associated tuberculosis (FASH): a short protocol and a pictorial review","volume":"4","author":"Heller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Ultrasound J"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","article-title":"Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports","volume":"23","author":"Murad","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060520910891","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520910891","article-title":"Features of breast tuberculosis determined by ultrasound imaging: report of 45 cases","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s002610000071","article-title":"Sonographic diagnosis of congenital tuberculosis: an experience with four cases","volume":"25","author":"Grover","year":"2000","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2020.06.041","article-title":"Isolated pancreatic tuberculosis mimicking pancreatic cancer in an immunocompetent host: an elusive diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Jemni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.6.1761459","article-title":"Tuberculous epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis","volume":"176","author":"Muttarak","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237832","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237832","article-title":"Ultrasound findings in a patient with tuberculous epididymo-orchitis","volume":"13","author":"Andrew","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2381031758","article-title":"Case 90: disseminated tuberculosis","volume":"238","author":"P\u00e9rez-Sol\u00eds","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25030","article-title":"Ultrasound-based diagnosis for the cervical lymph nodes in a tuberculosis-endemic area","volume":"125","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.01.058","article-title":"A 58-year-old man with abdominal ascites","volume":"159","author":"Almajthoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.113615","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the genitourinary system\u2013urinary tract tuberculosis: renal tuberculosis\u2014part I","volume":"23","author":"Merchant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2012.27.3.325","article-title":"Tuberculous pericarditis presenting as multiple free floating masses in pericardial effusion","volume":"27","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/dox031","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound in diagnosis of esophageal tuberculosis: 10-year experience at a tertiary care center","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.017","article-title":"Image of the month. Endoscopic ultrasound in a case of a widened mediastinum","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B21","first-page":"512182","article-title":"The utility of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of infectious diseases\u2014report of three cases","volume":"2013","author":"Saieg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-1890","article-title":"Ultrasound as the first imaging method in severe lung disease. Considerations about a case of pulmonary tuberculosis and review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Gavrila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Ultrason"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0096(200006)28:5<233::AID-JCU5>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Sonographic appearances in abdominal tuberculosis","volume":"28","author":"Batra","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B24","first-page":"22477","article-title":"Thyroid tuberculosis: two cases report and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6846","article-title":"Tuberculous pleural effusion","volume":"13","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2020.10.045","article-title":"Prostate tuberculosis complicated by huge prostatic abscess: a rare case report from Nepal","volume":"77","author":"Baral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013200051","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200051","article-title":"Scapular bone destruction: do not forget to think of tuberculosis in endemic areas","volume":"2013","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.10.033","article-title":"Chest pain and a left parasternal soft tissue swelling in an immunocompetent refugee with disseminated tuberculosis","volume":"90","author":"Mondoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B29","first-page":"496","article-title":"Genital tuberculosis mimicking carcinoma ovary: can ultrasound guided biopsy be a resolution?","volume":"29","author":"Akhtar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B30","first-page":"186","article-title":"Endometrial tuberculosis: a clinical case","volume":"38","author":"Iovenitti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1942_18","article-title":"Tubercular posterior scleritis: a case report and review of literature","volume":"67","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.9.1619","article-title":"Sonographic diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in the neck","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2025031112353276800_ofaf010-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.10.018","article-title":"Distinctive endoscopic ultrasound features of isolated pancreatic tuberculosis and requirements for biliary stenting","volume":"10","author":"Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/3\/ofaf010\/62323654\/ofaf010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/3\/ofaf010\/62323654\/ofaf010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T13:30:31Z","timestamp":1741699831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf010\/8060075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"article-number":"ofaf010"}}