{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T06:25:08Z","timestamp":1775543108128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1F31AI181431-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F31AI181431-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 AI113185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AI113185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007813","name":"University of Washington\/Fred Hutch Center for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (doxy-PEP) effectively prevents bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) but may increase antibiotic pressure. Little is known about longitudinal antibiotic use among men who have sex with men (MSM), a key population for doxy-PEP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of MSM in Seattle, Washington, from 2016 to 2018, prior to the introduction of doxy-PEP. Antibiotic use and reason for prescription were self-reported in weekly surveys and extracted from medical records. We characterized antibiotic use across 49 weeks of follow-up, stratified by specific antibiotics of interest and reasons for prescription. Incidence rates (IRs) were calculated for the number of incident events of antibiotic initiation per 100 person-years (PY) at risk. We assessed factors associated with antibiotic initiation using negative binomial regression to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 140 participants, 68.6% (n = 96) received at least 1 antibiotic during follow-up, resulting in an overall IR of 264.5 events of antibiotic initiation per 100 PY and 1696 total days of antibiotic use. STI treatment was the most common reason for antibiotic initiation (IR, 153.5 events per 100 PY; 462 days); however, treatment for other conditions contributed most to overall days of antibiotic use (IR, 42.6 events per 100 PY; 947 days). An age of 25\u201339 years (IRR, 1.54 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.02\u20132.32]) and a history of bacterial STIs &amp;lt;12 months prior to enrollment (IRR, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.12\u20132.93]) were significantly associated with higher incidence of antibiotic initiation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibiotic consumption among this population was very high. Our analysis provides a necessary foundation for assessing the potential impacts of doxy-PEP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T17:04:49Z","timestamp":1738256689000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High Incidence and Duration of Antibiotic Use Among a Cohort of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Seattle, Washington"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7169-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory K","family":"Zane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7189-5492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindley A","family":"Barbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"HIV\/STD Program, Public Health\u2013Seattle and King County , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3399-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Duerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7449-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"HIV\/STD Program, Public Health\u2013Seattle and King County , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4896-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa E","family":"Manhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2842-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dobromir","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9743-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Khosropour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B1"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B2","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00446-5","article-title":"Confronting rising STIs in the era of PrEP and treatment as prevention","volume":"16","author":"Ramchandani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS 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setting","volume":"23","author":"Monta\u00f1o","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7302a1","article-title":"CDC clinical guidelines on the use of doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis for bacterial sexually transmitted infection prevention, United States, 2024","volume":"73","author":"Bachmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000216","article-title":"Doxycycline prophylaxis to reduce incident syphilis among HIV-infected men who have sex with men who continue to engage in high risk sex: a randomized, controlled pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Bolan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm 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antimicrobial resistance in normal human flora","volume":"4","author":"Truong","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B15","first-page":"553","article-title":"Doxycycline in the management of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"73","author":"Peyriere","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e482","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30210-8","article-title":"Doxycycline use in MSM taking PrEP","volume":"5","author":"Carveth-Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab071","article-title":"The duration of pharyngeal gonorrhea: a natural history study","volume":"73","author":"Barbee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect 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women in Lima, Peru","volume":"28","author":"Allan-Blitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad462","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad462","article-title":"Effect on the resistome of dual vs monotherapy for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: results from a randomized controlled trial (ResistAZM trial)","volume":"10","author":"Thibaut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.12.017","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris","volume":"90","author":"Reynolds","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab512","article-title":"Oral and anal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among sexually active men with HIV who have sex with men","volume":"225","author":"Tinggaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix438","article-title":"Increased risk for meningococcal disease among men who have sex with men in the United States, 2012\u20132015","volume":"65","author":"Folaranmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2022-055583","article-title":"Factors associated with sexually transmitted Shigella in men who have sex with men: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Siddiq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025022510064006100_ofaf051-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1086\/429827","article-title":"Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections 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