{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T03:58:48Z","timestamp":1768967928747,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Unit of Scientific Research Projects of the University of Health Sciences","award":["2022\/162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/162"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients who applied to the Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment and Education Center and received outpatient or inpatient treatment and to raise awareness among people with these viruses who are unaware of their condition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study included 8071 patients whose files were retrospectively scanned via the Healthcare Information Management System for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV), and HIV antibody (anti-HIV) positivity; demographic characteristics; and substance use. Our participants were divided into the people who inject drugs (PWID) and non\u2013injection drug user (NIDU) groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean age of the 8071 patients included in the study was 39.0 \u00b1 12.9 years. The HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HCV, and anti-HIV positivity rates were 2.2%, 33.2%, 0.8%, and 0.6%, respectively. In total, 60.9% of the patients were using sedative-hypnotics, 52% methamphetamine, 4.5% alcohol, and 2.8% intravenous substances. In the PWID group, the HBsAg, anti-HCV, and anti-HIV seropositivity rates were 25%, 24.4%, and 10.7%, respectively, and they were significantly higher than those in the NIDU group (P \u00a0&amp;lt; .01). When stratified by sex, the HBsAg and anti-HBs positivity rates were significantly higher in men than in women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of HBV and HCV was similar to the frequency seen in the general population. Ensuring that individuals are aware of their diseases will prevent negative outcomes such as cirrhosis and cancer and contribute to the protection of public health by avoiding person-to-person transmission.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T19:08:01Z","timestamp":1741892881000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Among People Who Use Drugs in Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8856-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Asan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Y\u00fcksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["Turkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cetin","family":"Turan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Y\u00fcksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["Turkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1407-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Senormanci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Y\u00fcksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["Turkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0436-4122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve Sefa","family":"Sayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Y\u00fcksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["Turkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1582-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salih","family":"Metin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Bursa City Training and Research Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["Turkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail Necati","family":"Hakyemez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Y\u00fcksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa ,","place":["Turkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B1","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B2","author":"Turkish National Police Counter Narcotics Department"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B3","author":"Turkish National Police Counter Narcotics Department."},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B4","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1627-5","article-title":"HCV infection among cocaine users in the state of Para, Brazilian Amazon","volume":"158","author":"Oliveira-Filho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00004","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002","volume":"144","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095-128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B8","author":"Irmak"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B9","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B10","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4284-9","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C infection among the general population and high-risk groups in the EU\/EEA: a systematic review update","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.19453","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in a substance abuse treatment center","volume":"18","author":"Ar\u0131kan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.5455\/apd.38289","article-title":"Rates of distribution of psychiatric disorders, hepatitis seroprevalence and illicit substance usage among adults aged 50 years and over in Turkey: a regional representative study","volume":"20","author":"Catak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anatolian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.16899\/jcm.1189072","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HCV, and anti-HIV in patients with alcohol and substance abuse in an Amatem clinic in Eastern Turkiye: a six-year retrospective evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Oner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Contemp Med"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B15","author":"Our World in Data"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B16","author":"National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B17","author":"Office for National Statistics"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B18","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19698","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.19698","article-title":"Frequency of hepatitis B and C viruses, and HIV among drug addicts in the Eastern Anatolia, Turkey","volume":"8","author":"Karabulut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B20","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24625","article-title":"Sex\/gender differences in brain function and structure in alcohol use: a narrative review of neuroimaging findings over the last 10 years","volume":"99","author":"Verplaetse","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05276-2","article-title":"Gender differences in the behavioral and subjective effects of methamphetamine in healthy humans","volume":"236","author":"Mayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778514","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.778514","article-title":"Sex differences in substance use disorders: a neurobiological perspective","volume":"2","author":"Cornish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B24","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B25","first-page":"186","article-title":"Madde kullanimi olan olgularda HBsAg, anti-HCV ve anti-HIV seroprevalansi: retrospektif bir de\u011ferlendirme","volume":"56","author":"Altu\u011flu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B26","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00424-w","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection among people who use drugs in Iran: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trend analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rostam-Abadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.01.002","article-title":"Can hepatitis C virus infection be eradicated in people who inject drugs?","volume":"104","author":"Grebely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32320-7","article-title":"Hepatitis C","volume":"394","author":"Spearman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.06.028","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections and risk factors in Turkey: a fieldwork TURHEP study","volume":"21","author":"Tozun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B31","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis","author":"M\u0131st\u0131k","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01715499","article-title":"The epidemiology of hepatitis C in Turkey","volume":"22","author":"Thomas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B33","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Viral hepatitis","author":"Tosun","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.36519\/kd.2022.4290","article-title":"\u00d6rer-Be\u011fino\u011flu \u00d6. Substance use disorders and hepatitis C: a public health issue","volume":"35","author":"Ceylan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Klimik Derg"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B35","first-page":"108","article-title":"HCV infection and treatment rates in opioid dependent patients hospitalized in an alcohol and drug addiction treatment center clinic","volume":"21","author":"Toker U\u011furlu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Depend"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B36","first-page":"177","article-title":"Screening of hepatitis and HIV infections in an alcohol and drug addiction treatment center","volume":"13","author":"Dagli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pamukkale Medical Journal"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3","article-title":"Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.09.022","article-title":"High hepatitis C virus prevalence among drug users in Iran: systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence (2001\u20132012)","volume":"40","author":"Malekinejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0305923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305923","article-title":"Situational assessment and epidemiology of HIV, HBV and HCV among people who use and inject drugs in Ghana","volume":"19","author":"Guure","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05464-y","article-title":"Risk factors associated with infection of blood-borne virus among people who used methamphetamine","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4154-5","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among people who use drugs in Cambodia: a cross-sectional survey using respondent driven sampling method","volume":"19","author":"Tuot","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.04.020","article-title":"Injection and non\u2013injection drug use and infectious disease in Baltimore city: differences by race","volume":"39","author":"Keen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12371","article-title":"HIV testing and sero-prevalence among methamphetamine users seeking substance abuse treatment in Cape Town","volume":"35","author":"Gouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"2025052712083921000_ofaf156-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4154-5","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among people who use drugs in Cambodia: a cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling method","volume":"19","author":"Tuot","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf156\/62403017\/ofaf156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/4\/ofaf156\/62403017\/ofaf156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/4\/ofaf156\/62403017\/ofaf156.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T16:09:20Z","timestamp":1748362160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf156\/8075153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"article-number":"ofaf156"}}