{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:45:42Z","timestamp":1785840342835,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK COVID National Core Study on Transmission"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024151","name":"Signify","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017645","name":"Ushio Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"R-Zero"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P51OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51OD011104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCR_008167)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCR_008167)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020013","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bioaerosol-mediated transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via building ventilation systems has yet to be convincingly demonstrated. We used the South African Airborne Infections Research (AIR) facility near Pretoria to study human-to-animal (H2A) transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in newly diagnosed patients. While the facility was built to study tuberculosis transmission, this was its first adaptation to study H2A virus transmission.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with clinically confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 were housed for up to 4 days in in the AIR facility with continuously exhausting patient ward air to hamsters housed in animal exposure rooms. After a 3-week exposure period, animals were held for an additional week to allow for antibody development. Animal sera were analyzed for anti-spike and plaque reduction activities and lung samples for pathology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seven patients provided \u2265400 in-residence hours over a 17-day period. Pair-housed naive golden Syrian hamsters (n = 216) received continuous exposure to mixed patient ward exhaust. Serum analyses revealed anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G in 58% of animals tested. Plaque reduction assays on 7 high-titer serum samples revealed neutralizing activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These results support the concept that viral bioaerosols generated from patients remain infectious over long-distance transport through a building ventilation system. The seroconversion among sentinel animals supports the long-held belief that airborne infections manifest as a stochastic rather than deterministic event that is subject to a threshold dose effect. Further confirmatory studies are necessary to characterize the relationship between the bioaerosol delivered and the infections that result in this controlled H2A transmission model.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T15:21:55Z","timestamp":1743261715000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Human Source Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Aerosol Transmission to Remote Sentinel Hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chad J","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Airborne Infection and Transmission Science, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana 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Inc , Port Orange, Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliva","family":"De Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrasol Training Solutions , Pretoria ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3161-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsabe","family":"De Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrasol Training Solutions , Pretoria ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Nardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 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