{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:21:32Z","timestamp":1787239292289,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding disease pathogenesis is essential to developing therapies in patients with infections that cause critical illness. Herein, we show that SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific antibody levels and markers of neutrophil activation are associated with disease severity in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We also provide a link between the adaptive and innate immune response by demonstrating an association between antibody levels and multiple markers of neutrophil degranulation and NETosis. We further demonstrate through a series of in vitro assays that SARS-CoV-2 antigen-antibody immune complexes can stimulate NETosis. Last, we discuss how this NETosis is more strongly associated with IgA immune complexes than IgG and can be ameliorated with spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T02:58:07Z","timestamp":1743649087000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Immune Complex\u2013Mediated Neutrophil Activation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kiana C","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather L","family":"Teague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos J","family":"Ramos-Benitez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Science University , Ponce ,","place":["Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Reger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D","family":"Burbelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Wing (Jeffrey)","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defense , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogendra","family":"Kanthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vascular Thrombosis and Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey I","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindu Parachalil","family":"Gopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony F","family":"Suffredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Program, Inova Fairfax Hospital , Falls Church, Virginia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant Program, Inova Fairfax Hospital , Falls Church, Virginia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1675-1728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel 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