{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:11:27Z","timestamp":1787886687321,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kirby Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"UNSW","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2008276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2034418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2034418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite increasing hospitalization for injecting-related infection, there has been limited large-scale evaluation of in-hospital and post-discharge outcomes. This study aimed to characterize population-level injecting-related infection hospitalization and correlates associated with patient-directed discharge, readmission, and all-cause mortality among persons who inject drugs with hepatitis C in New South Wales, Australia, between 2001 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hepatitis C notifications in New South Wales were linked to data involving hospitalizations, opioid agonist treatment, incarceration, and death registration. Hospitalizations among people who inject drugs with injecting-related infections were identified by ICD-10 code algorithms. Incidence of patient-directed discharge, readmission, and mortality was calculated, and correlates associated with each outcome were assessed by extension of a Cox proportional hazards model for recurrent events.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 18074 injecting-related infection hospitalizations were included among 9045 individuals, predominantly males (64%) with an average age of 41 years. The incidence was 47.2 per 100 person-years and increased over time. The proportion of hospitalizations ending in patient-directed discharge was 18% and was associated with stimulant use and incarceration, and lower in those with severe disease and opiate agonist therapy. The proportions of hospitalizations that were followed by 30-day and 1-year readmission were 25% and 61%, respectively, and had a strong association with patient-directed discharge. Mortality was 2% at 30 days and 15% at 1 year post-discharge.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patient-directed discharge was common among people admitted with injecting-related infections and was associated with readmission but not mortality. Person-centered models of care are necessary to address the health inequity experienced by people who inject drugs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T08:11:31Z","timestamp":1745914291000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incidence, Patient-Directed Discharge, Readmission, and Mortality Among People Hospitalized With Injecting-Related Infection: A Population-Based Linkage Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7339-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Masters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Jacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Barault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9382-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Goodman-Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6770-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail V","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8608-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Valerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9444-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Martinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B1","first-page":"495","article-title":"Soft tissue, bone, and joint infections in people who inject drugs","volume-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am","author":"Saldana","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042823","article-title":"Bacterial infections in drug users","volume":"353","author":"Gordon","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.029","article-title":"A systematic review of injecting-related injury and disease among people who inject drugs","volume":"171","author":"Larney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.01.010","article-title":"Hospitals as a \u201crisk environment\u201d: an ethno-epidemiological study of voluntary and involuntary discharge from hospital against medical advice among people who inject drugs","volume":"105","author":"McNeil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab479","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab479","article-title":"Temporal trends of infective endocarditis in North America from 2000 to 2017: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Talha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0242165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242165","article-title":"Population-based trends in hospitalizations due to injection drug use\u2013related serious bacterial infections, Oregon, 2008 to 2018.","volume":"15","author":"Capizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.009","article-title":"Nationwide increase in hospitalizations for heroin-related soft tissue infections: associations with structural market conditions","volume":"163","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109494","article-title":"The impact of opioid agonist treatment on hospitalisations for injecting-related diseases among an opioid dependent population: a retrospective data linkage study","volume":"236","author":"Colledge-Frisby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.170439","article-title":"Opiate injection\u2013associated skin, soft tissue, and vascular infections, England, UK, 1997\u20132016","volume":"23","author":"Lewer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa008","article-title":"Bacterial infections associated with substance use disorders, large cohort of United States hospitals, 2012\u20132017","volume":"71","author":"McCarthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823001784","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of emergency department presentations and hospital separations with injecting-related infections in a longitudinal cohort of people who inject drugs","volume":"151","author":"Curtis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.10.004","article-title":"Needles and the damage done: reasons for admission and financial costs associated with injecting drug use in a central London teaching hospital","volume":"66","author":"Marks","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00057-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of injecting drug use, prevalence of injecting-related harm, and exposure to behavioural and environmental risks among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e673","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00058-X","article-title":"Global coverage of interventions to prevent and manage drug-related harms among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Colledge-Frisby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B15"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B16","first-page":"101185","article-title":"Trends in viral hepatitis liver-related morbidity and mortality in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"51","author":"Tillakeratne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa571","article-title":"Progress towards elimination of hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs in Australia: the ETHOS Engage study","volume":"73","author":"Valerio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B18","first-page":"104545","article-title":"Utilising integrated bio-behavioural surveillance (IBBS) to investigate declining hepatitis C antibody prevalence among people who inject drugs in the Australian needle and syringe program survey","volume":"131","author":"Maher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14756","article-title":"Trajectories of injection drug use among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada, 1996\u20132017: growth mixture modeling using data from prospective cohort studies","volume":"114","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab231","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Melbourne Injecting Drug User Cohort Study (SuperMIX)","volume":"51","author":"Van Den Boom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2421740","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.21740","article-title":"Medication for opioid use disorder after serious injection-related infections in Massachusetts","volume":"7","author":"Kimmel","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1424","article-title":"Hospitalizations related to opioid abuse\/dependence and associated serious infections increased sharply, 2002\u201312","volume":"35","author":"Ronan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janjua NZ, Islam N, Kuo M, et al \u00a0Identifying injection drug use and estimating population size of people who inject drugs using healthcare administrative datasets. Int J Drug Policy \u00a02018; 55:31\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.001"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","article-title":"Updating and validating the Charlson Comorbidity Index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries","volume":"173","author":"Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1302445","article-title":"Alcohol use in adults","volume":"368","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu222","article-title":"Modelling recurrent events: a tutorial for analysis in epidemiology","volume":"44","author":"Amorim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B28","author":"Heard"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4738","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4738","article-title":"Injecting drug use continues in older drug users too","volume":"359","author":"Higgs","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac543","article-title":"Estimated number of people who inject drugs in the United States","volume":"76","author":"Bradley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.09.007","article-title":"Is biological aging accelerated in drug addiction?","volume":"13","author":"Bachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16257","article-title":"Social and structural determinants of injection drug use\u2013associated bacterial and fungal infections: a qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis","volume":"118","author":"Brothers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Brothers","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.02.22280620"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112588","article-title":"Risk factors for infective endocarditis and serious injection related infections among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles, CA and Denver, CO","volume":"269","author":"Ganesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.021","article-title":"The relationship between age and risky injecting behaviours among a sample of Australian people who inject drugs","volume":"132","author":"Horyniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102866","article-title":"Injecting risk behaviours amongst people who inject drugs: a global multi-stage systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-1-200007040-00008","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of heroin-dependent patients","volume":"133","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.08.007","article-title":"Patient-directed discharges among persons who use drugs hospitalized with invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections: opportunities for improvement","volume":"135","author":"Appa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302885","article-title":"Leaving the hospital against medical advice among people who use illicit drugs: a systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Ti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0266663","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266663","article-title":"Infectious diseases, comorbidities and outcomes in hospitalized people who inject drugs (PWID)","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.012","article-title":"One-third of people who inject drugs are at risk of incomplete treatment for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective medical record review","volume":"112","author":"Acheson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000725","article-title":"Medications for opioid use disorder associated with less against medical advice discharge among persons who inject drugs hospitalized with an invasive infection","volume":"15","author":"Nolan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B43","first-page":"e57","article-title":"Medication initiation, patient-directed discharges, and hospital readmissions before and after implementing guidelines for opioid withdrawal management","volume":"17","author":"Zavodnick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100827","article-title":"Incarceration and mortality in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Nosrati","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0139","article-title":"Health outcomes and retention in care following release from prison for patients of an urban post-incarceration transitions clinic","volume":"25","author":"Fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115","article-title":"Release from prison\u2014a high risk of death for former inmates","volume":"356","author":"Binswanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2024.100022","article-title":"Characterizing emergency department care for patients with histories of incarceration","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104218","article-title":"Effect of incarceration and opioid agonist treatment transitions on risk of hospitalisation with injection drug use\u2013associated bacterial infections: a self-controlled case series in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"122","author":"Brothers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.12.013","article-title":"Longitudinal injecting risk behaviours among people with a history of injecting drug use in an Australian prison setting: the HITS-p study","volume":"54","author":"Cunningham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy194","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy194","article-title":"Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy among people who inject drugs: a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz654","article-title":"Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy plus buprenorphine for opioid use disorder and severe injection-related infections","volume":"70","author":"Fanucchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq355","article-title":"Safe and successful treatment of intravenous drug users with a peripherally inserted central catheter in an outpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment service","volume":"65","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-014-9511-4","article-title":"A community care model of intravenous antibiotic therapy for injection drug users with deep tissue infection for \u201creduce leaving against medical advice.\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Jafari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808312","article-title":"Partial oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment of endocarditis","volume":"380","author":"Iversen","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710926","article-title":"Oral versus intravenous antibiotics for bone and joint infection","volume":"380","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac714","article-title":"Outcomes of partial oral antibiotic treatment for complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in people who inject drugs","volume":"76","author":"Wildenthal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00070-8","article-title":"Oral antibiotic treatment of right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy","volume":"101","author":"Heldman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.10.007","article-title":"Oral is the new IV. Challenging decades of blood and bone infection dogma: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Wald-Dickler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz028","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz028","article-title":"Dalbavancin as secondary therapy for serious Staphylococcus aureus infections in a vulnerable patient population","volume":"6","author":"Bryson-Cahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00452-z","article-title":"Oritavancin for the treatment of complicated gram-positive infection in persons who inject drugs","volume":"21","author":"Ahiskali","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100700","article-title":"Dalbavancin in the treatment of bacteremia and endocarditis in people with barriers to standard care","volume":"9","author":"Ajaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2020.06.010","article-title":"Applying the infectious diseases literature to people who inject drugs","volume":"34","author":"Serota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e650","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa365","article-title":"Evaluation of partial oral antibiotic treatment for persons who inject drugs and are hospitalized with invasive infections","volume":"71","author":"Marks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3591","article-title":"Hospital buprenorphine program for opioid use disorder is associated with increased inpatient and outpatient addiction treatment","volume":"16","author":"Christian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B65"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B66","first-page":"100158","article-title":"Current status of tertiary healthcare services and its accessibility in rural and remote Australia: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Baazeem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rev"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01224","article-title":"The effect of incarceration on mortality","volume":"106","author":"Norris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B68","author":"Sutherland"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3","article-title":"Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab631","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab631","article-title":"Six moments of infection prevention in injection drug use: an educational toolkit for clinicians","volume":"9","author":"Harvey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256839","article-title":"The second heart program\u2014a multidisciplinary team supporting people who inject drugs with infective endocarditis: protocol of a feasibility study","volume":"16","author":"Lennox","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025052602115456800_ofaf257-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.11.001","article-title":"Community health workers: a bridge to healthcare for people who inject drugs","volume":"26","author":"Morgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf257\/63025939\/ofaf257.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/5\/ofaf257\/63025939\/ofaf257.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/5\/ofaf257\/63025939\/ofaf257.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T06:12:25Z","timestamp":1748239945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf257\/8121584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"article-number":"ofaf257"}}