{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:25:38Z","timestamp":1790720738742,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>On 6 October 2022, the first cholera outbreak in 3 decades was reported in Lebanon by the Ministry of Public Health. The outbreak spread across all 8 governorates (23 of 26 districts). From October 2022 to June 2023, 8072 cases (including 671 laboratory-confirmed cases) and 23 deaths were reported, resulting in a case fatality ratio of 0.28%. The outbreak was successfully contained through the implementation of coordinated multisectoral prevention and control strategies, supported by national and international stakeholders. The cholera vaccine campaign with a 1-dose strategy was started in November 2022. The proportion of vaccinated people among the target population evolved from 4.8% in November 2022 to 30.6% in December 2022, 34.2% in January 2023, and 45.3% in February 2023. This article describes the epidemiology of the cholera outbreak in Lebanon and summarizes the outbreak response in the context of a humanitarian emergency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1752746628000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Descriptive Epidemiology of the 2022\u20132023 Cholera Outbreak in Lebanon and Lessons Learned in the Context of a Humanitarian Emergency Situation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firass","family":"Abiad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5131-5518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdinasir","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeen","family":"Hilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahida","family":"Ghalayini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3549-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Ghosn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Feghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Jouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2943-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryo","family":"Baakliny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moubadda","family":"Assi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solara","family":"Sinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissar","family":"Rady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization , Beirut ,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4203-7891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abrar Ahmad","family":"Chughtai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, University of New South Wales , Sydney ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B1","first-page":"e25367","article-title":"The Lebanese healthcare crisis: an infinite calamity","volume":"14","author":"Fleifel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B2","first-page":"277","article-title":"Lebanon, economic and financial crises, reasons for collapse","volume":"3","author":"Gu\u0435ch\u0430ti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revue Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Economie et de Gestion"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-023-00435-w","article-title":"The fragile healthcare system in Lebanon: sounding the alarm about its possible collapse","volume":"13","author":"Bou Sanayeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000293","article-title":"A minireview of cholera outbreak in Lebanon\u2014a rising public health concern","volume":"85","author":"Berjaoui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B5","author":"Humanitarian Action"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B6","author":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S106068","article-title":"The Lebanese-Syrian crisis: impact of influx of Syrian refugees to an already weak state","volume":"9","author":"Cherri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B8","author":"Relief Web"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2022.101069","article-title":"The current cholera menace amid the war crisis in Syria and the economic crisis in Lebanon: a time for global solidarity","volume":"51","author":"Ala\u2019a","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B10","first-page":"E27","article-title":"The insidious return of cholera in the eastern Mediterranean region, Lebanon and Syria: a worrying signal! Past, present, and future forthcoming","volume":"64","author":"Davide","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B11","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B12","author":"Ministry of Public Health Lebanon"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51428-0","article-title":"An unusual two-strain cholera outbreak in Lebanon, 2022\u20132023: a genomic epidemiology study","volume":"15","author":"Abou Fayad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B14","author":"Relief Web"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B15","author":"World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00358-5","article-title":"Disease outbreaks in Pakistan, Lebanon, and Syria","volume":"4","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B17","author":"World Health Organisation"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B18","author":"World Health Organisation"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002465","article-title":"First outbreak response using an oral cholera vaccine in Africa: vaccine coverage, acceptability and surveillance of adverse events, Guinea, 2012","volume":"7","author":"Luquero","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2301.160881","article-title":"Oral cholera vaccine coverage during an outbreak and humanitarian crisis, Iraq, 2015","volume":"23","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16243","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316243","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice in a sample of the Lebanese population regarding cholera","volume":"19","author":"Malaeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B22","author":"Ministry of Public Health Lebanon"},{"key":"2025081220380941400_ofaf428-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8040236","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices of the general population toward the old-new outbreak of cholera in a developing country","volume":"8","author":"Akel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf428\/63793601\/ofaf428.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/8\/ofaf428\/63793601\/ofaf428.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/8\/ofaf428\/63793601\/ofaf428.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:38:16Z","timestamp":1755045496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf428\/8206003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf428","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"article-number":"ofaf428"}}