{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:36:15Z","timestamp":1780356975742,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mycobacterium riyadhense, an emerging nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM), closely resembles Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) clinically, often complicating its diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed 8 new cases of M riyadhense infection diagnosed at Prince Sultan Military Medical City from 2019 to 2024. Additionally, a systematic review was conducted of 24 previously reported cases from 2009 to 2025, identified through extensive searches of PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Data extracted included patient demographics, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatments administered, and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pulmonary infections were predominant and frequently mistaken for TB, resulting in diagnostic delays. Extrapulmonary infections included lymphadenitis and osteomyelitis. A novel association with immune complex glomerulonephritis was identified. Molecular sequencing was critical in confirming diagnoses due to limitations in conventional microbiological techniques. Treatment regimens based on macrolides and fluoroquinolones yielded superior therapeutic outcomes, exhibiting lower relapse rates and fewer adverse effects compared with conventional anti-TB therapy. Surgical interventions played a crucial role in managing complicated or refractory cases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Enhancing clinical awareness, employing accurate molecular diagnostic techniques, and adopting targeted antimicrobial therapy are essential for effective management of M riyadhense infections. Further research is needed to optimize treatment protocols and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T18:16:19Z","timestamp":1754072179000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring <i>Mycobacterium riyadhense<\/i>: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment Outcome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0503-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alsaeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Ministry of Defence Health Services General Directorate , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Medicine Department, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9170-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Ministry of Defence Health Services General Directorate , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0546-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Alhamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Infectious Diseases, King Saud Medical City , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Faqihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Medical City , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Alibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Jouf University , Sakaka ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahad","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Unit, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diaa","family":"Shosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Unit, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alraddadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Ministry of Defence Health Services General Directorate , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikqdad","family":"Alsaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud Medical City , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-4974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alabdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Almoosa Specialist Hospital , Al Mubarraz ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5660-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirine","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group , Riyadh ,","place":["Saudi 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with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: the first case in Korea","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"2025082213214657500_ofaf461-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/2384-5147.129324","article-title":"Mycobacterium riyadhense lung infection in a patient with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"1","author":"Garbati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sub-Sahar Afr J Med"},{"key":"2025082213214657500_ofaf461-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.5.11226","article-title":"Mycobacterium riyadhense infections","volume":"36","author":"Saad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"2025082213214657500_ofaf461-B6","first-page":"5908096","article-title":"A case of Mycobacterium riyadhense in an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient with a suspected paradoxical response to antituberculosis therapy","volume":"2016","author":"Al-Ammari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025082213214657500_ofaf461-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2310.161430","article-title":"Mycobacterium riyadhense in Saudi Arabia","volume":"23","author":"Varghese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025082213214657500_ofaf461-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.05.006","article-title":"Mycobacterium riyadhense as the opportunistic infection that lead to HIV diagnosis: a report of 2 cases and literature review","volume":"12","author":"Alenazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2025082213214657500_ofaf461-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399381","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1399381","article-title":"Pulmonary infection by Mycobacterium riyadhense: first case report in United Arab Emirates","volume":"11","author":"Sawan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front 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