{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:18:16Z","timestamp":1793906296944,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV (PLWH) remain vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases. Although vaccination is strongly recommended, data on vaccine uptake among PLWH in Belgium remain scarce. This study aims to assess pneumococcal, COVID-19, and influenza vaccine coverage in PLWH in Belgium and identify factors associated with vaccine uptake.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective study using the data from the HIV database of the Liege University Hospital in Belgium from 2017 to 2022. We evaluated vaccine coverage and collected demographic, clinical, and biological data to assess factors associated with vaccine uptake. Vaccine adherence was characterized as follows: partial adherence: receipt of at least one of the recommended vaccines during the study period and complete vaccination: pneumococcal vaccination, full COVID-19 primary vaccination, and annual influenza vaccination throughout the study period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 791 participants, 89.1% received at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Sixty-eight percent received at least 1 dose of influenza vaccine, but only 10.1% were vaccinated annually. Pneumococcal vaccine coverage was only 37.8%. Complete vaccine adherence was correlated with age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.02, P = .024). Partial vaccine adherence was associated with age (aOR: 2.66, P = .026) and number of consultations (aOR: 1.23, P = .0002) and negatively associated with intravenous drug use (aOR: 0.15, P = .015).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While COVID-19 vaccine uptake was high, vaccination coverage for influenza and pneumococcal disease remains insufficient. Age, healthcare encounters, and drug use were key factors influencing vaccine uptake. Targeted interventions and vaccine reminders should be conducted to increase vaccination rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T09:33:11Z","timestamp":1756891991000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Factors Contributing to Pneumococcal, COVID-19, and Influenza Vaccine Uptake Among People Living With HIV in Belgium: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Li-C\u00e9cile","family":"Destordeur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Lopez Delhoulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iraklis","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Research Method Center, University Hospital of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2552-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Research Method Center, University Hospital of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Fombellida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Li\u00e8ge University Hospital of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majdouline","family":"El Moussaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal General Medicine, Li\u00e8ge University Hospital of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Darcis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Li\u00e8ge University Hospital of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu558","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals before and after the Introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy: persistent high risk among HIV-infected injecting drug users","volume":"59","author":"Harboe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.09.011","article-title":"Risk factors associated with hospitalisation for influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa: a case-population study","volume":"34","author":"Abadom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.033","article-title":"HIV-infected patients show impaired cellular immune response to influenza vaccination compared to healthy subjects","volume":"31","author":"Fabbiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106629","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in people living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"60","author":"Garcia Garrido","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328334fec4","article-title":"Immunization for HIV-positive individuals","volume":"23","author":"Geretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1207013","article-title":"Immunization of HIV-infected adult patients \u2014French recommendations","volume":"12","author":"Fr\u00e9sard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B7","author":"EACSociety [Internet]"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1894895","article-title":"The coverage of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among people living with HIV in Denmark: a single-center cross-sectional survey","volume":"17","author":"Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046434","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2046434","article-title":"Explorative study regarding influenza vaccine hesitancy among HIV-infected patients","volume":"18","author":"Marchese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207953","article-title":"HIV-positive gay men's knowledge and perceptions of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccination: a qualitative study","volume":"13","author":"Grace","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106329","article-title":"Low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among men living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): cross-sectional findings from a clinical cohort","volume":"143","author":"Grewal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107246","article-title":"Low human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among women engaged in HIV care in Ontario, Canada","volume":"164","author":"Chambers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e055721","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055721","article-title":"University population-based prospective cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity (SARSSURV-ULi\u00e8ge): a study protocol","volume":"12","author":"Donneau","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004066","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 vaccination on confusion around vaccination in general: a longitudinal study on a university population over 18 months","volume":"4","author":"Paridans","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B15","author":"Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur de la Sant\u00e9 [Internet]"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B16","author":"CBIP [Internet]"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B17"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B18","volume-title":"Vaccination antipneumococcique (adultes)","author":"Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur de la Sant\u00e9","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B19","volume-title":"Vaccination contre la grippe saisonni\u00e8re\u2014saison hivernale 2024\u20132025","author":"Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur de la Sant\u00e9","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B20"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B21","volume-title":"Surveillance de la vaccination COVID-19 dans les maisons de repos et maisons de repos et de soins belges. R\u00e9sultats jusqu\u2019au 24 Mars 2021","author":"Catteau","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1509644","article-title":"Factors associated with poor adherence to vaccination against hepatitis viruses, streptococcus pneumoniae and seasonal influenza in HIV-infected adults","volume":"15","author":"Tsachouridou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204785","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2204785","article-title":"Vaccine coverage and factors associated with vaccine adherence in persons with HIV at an urban infectious disease clinic","volume":"19","author":"Birk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1802163","article-title":"Predictors of vaccination rates in people living with HIV followed at a specialty care clinic","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.06.015","article-title":"Vaccination coverage against hepatitis A and B viruses, Streptococcus pneumoniae, seasonal flu, and A(H1N1)2009 pandemic influenza in HIV-infected patients","volume":"32","author":"Valour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1763739","article-title":"Vaccination coverage of recommended vaccines and determinants of vaccination in at-risk groups","volume":"16","author":"Boey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B27","author":"CBIP [Internet]"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.04.005","article-title":"Factors associated with poor outcomes among adults hospitalized for influenza in France: a three-year prospective multicenter study","volume":"79","author":"Loubet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Virol Off Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000984","article-title":"Smoking and influenza-associated morbidity and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B30","volume-title":"Rapport th\u00e9matique: couverture vaccinale et impact \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique de la campagne de vaccination COVID-19 chez les personnes pr\u00e9sentant des maladies sous-jacentes en belgique","author":"Stouten","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091485","article-title":"The dynamic relationship between the intention and final decision for the COVID-19 booster: a study among students and staff at the university of li\u00e8ge, Belgium","volume":"10","author":"Paridans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151798","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2151798","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination in people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157164","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2157164","article-title":"A review of factors influencing vaccination policies and programs for older adults globally","volume":"19","author":"Eiden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01343-1","article-title":"Access to health care improves COVID-19 vaccination and mitigates health disparities among medicare beneficiaries","volume":"10","author":"Lane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00826-6","article-title":"Identifying barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among People Who Use Drugs in Canada: a National Qualitative Study","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e287","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001164","article-title":"High primary COVID-19 vaccine series completion by people who inject drugs when colocating services at a syringe services van","volume":"17","author":"Heidari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"2025092508524849500_ofaf513-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1739516","article-title":"Effect of electronic health record reminders for routine immunizations and immunizations needed for chronic medical conditions","volume":"12","author":"Stephens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/9\/ofaf513\/64197913\/ofaf513.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/12\/9\/ofaf513\/64197913\/ofaf513.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:52:58Z","timestamp":1758804778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf513\/8246526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf513","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"article-number":"ofaf513"}}