{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:36:01Z","timestamp":1773884161240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1017213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1017213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021472","name":"Department of Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007812","name":"University of Washington","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010514","name":"Seattle Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009919","name":"s Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Washington Royalty Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI153390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI153390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TR002319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR002319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Safe and effective vaccines are a key preventative measure to protect infants from SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease. Although mRNA vaccines induce robust antibody titers in infants, little is known about the quality of CD4 T-cell responses induced by vaccination. CD4 T-cell responses are important in orchestrating coordinated immune responses during infection and may help to limit disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the CD4 T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in infants, we sampled blood from 13 infants before and after primary SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series; samples from 12 historical vaccinated adults were used for comparisons. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with spike peptide pools, and the ability of CD4 T-cells to secrete Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines was quantified. Measures of polyfunctionality were generated with the COMPASS algorithm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed a significant increase in CD4 T-cells producing IL-2 (0.01% vs 0.08%, P = .04) and TNF-\u03b1 (0.007% vs 0.07%, P = .007) following vaccination in infants but a more muted induction of IFN-\u03b3 production (0.01% vs 0.04%, P = .08). This contrasted with adults, in whom vaccination induced robust production of IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, and TNF-\u03b1. Th2 and Th17 responses were limited in both infants and adults. In infants, CD4 T-cell responses post vaccination were greater in those who received mRNA-1273 vs BNT162b. In contrast to CD4 T-cell responses, spike-specific IgG titers were similar in infants and adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data suggest that infants have restricted induction of cytokine-producing CD4 T-cells following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination relative to adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:01:39Z","timestamp":1758801699000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Infant CD4 T-Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Is Restricted in Cytokine Production and Modified by Vaccine Manufacturer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"M Quinn","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0284-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber L","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E","family":"Stolarczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Glad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6409-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Layton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer K","family":"Logue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana K","family":"Minkah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8502-9600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen Y","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1134-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet A","family":"Englund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D Noah","family":"Sather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2783-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chetan","family":"Seshadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0358-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisa","family":"Kachikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Whitney 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