{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:30:53Z","timestamp":1787009453000,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AI157841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AI157841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP1HD115428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP1HD115428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23HD109056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HD109056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI175015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI175015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minnesota Population Center","award":["P2CHD041023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2CHD041023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PhRMA Foundation Health Outcomes Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peer support provided by \u201cmentor mothers\u201d (MM) may increase retention in care for pregnant and breastfeeding women (PBFW) living with HIV, which can lead to improved viral suppression and prevention of vertical transmission (PVT). The impact of MM on PVT may differ among PBFW subpopulations with different baseline risks of antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a microsimulation model of HIV progression and care for PBFW living with recently acquired HIV in Kenya to evaluate an MM program that reduced the cumulative risk of ART interruption between initiation of antenatal care and 18 months of postpartum breastfeeding by 40%. We conducted this evaluation in 2 maternal populations: (1) newly positive (NP) pregnant women who initiate ART during antenatal care and are at greater risk of ART interruption and (2) known positive (KP) women who initiate ART prior to conception. We simulated live births, maternal deaths, and vertical transmission with and without MM services to determine the impact of MM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the absence of MM services, infants acquired HIV at a rate of 609 vs. 459 per 10,000 live births in the NP vs. KP populations. MM services reduced vertical transmission by 15.1% among NP women, compared to a 6.5% reduction among KP women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MM services can reduce vertical transmission among PBFW living with HIV, with greater potential for PVT among NP women compared to KP women. More research evaluating MM programs in these 2 maternal populations will help refine estimates of their PVT impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:30:37Z","timestamp":1759145437000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modeling the Potential Impact of Mentor Mother Programs on Vertical Transmission of HIV in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio A","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health , Minneapolis, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G","family":"Carlucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5052-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia A","family":"Sam-Agudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Pediatrics Program and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria , Abuja ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast , Cape Coast ,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1492-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa L","family":"Abuogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0693-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva A","family":"Enns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health , Minneapolis, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1830-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette K","family":"Birnbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health , Minneapolis, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B1","author":"UNAIDS"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ578","article-title":"No perinatal HIV-1 transmission from women with effective antiretroviral therapy starting before conception","volume":"61","author":"Mandelbrot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25770","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25770","article-title":"Improving retention in antenatal and postnatal care: a systematic review of evidence to inform strategies for adolescents and young women living with HIV","volume":"24","author":"Brittain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25952","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25952","article-title":"The effect of a Mentor Mothers program on prevention of vertical transmission of HIV outcomes in Zambezia Province, Mozambique: a retrospective interrupted time series analysis","volume":"25","author":"Carlucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001346","article-title":"The impact of structured mentor mother programs on 6-month postpartum retention and viral suppression among HIV-positive women in rural Nigeria: a prospective paired cohort study","volume":"75 Suppl 2","author":"Sam-Agudu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001357","article-title":"Impact of facility- and community-based peer support models on maternal uptake and retention in Malawi's option B+ HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission program: a 3-arm cluster randomized controlled trial (PURE Malawi)","volume":"75 Suppl 2","author":"Phiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0223332","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223332","article-title":"Effect of a Mentor Mother Programme on retention of mother-baby pairs in HIV care: a secondary analysis of programme data in Uganda","volume":"14","author":"Igumbor","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25852","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25852","article-title":"Effects of behavioural interventions on postpartum retention and adherence among women with HIV on lifelong ART: the results of a cluster randomized trial in Kenya (the MOTIVATE 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prevents pregnant women from adhering to the continuum of maternal care? Evidence on interrelated mechanisms from a cohort study in Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Aks\u00fcnger","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003317","article-title":"Differences in breastfeeding duration by maternal HIV status: a pooled analysis of nationally representative surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"95","author":"Glaubius","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy347","article-title":"Outcomes of patients lost to follow-up in African antiretroviral therapy programs: individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Chammartin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000212","article-title":"Earlier initiation of ART and further decline in mother-to-child HIV transmission rates, 2000\u20132011","volume":"28","author":"Townsend","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i44","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050709","article-title":"Estimates of peripartum and postnatal mother-to-child transmission probabilities of HIV for use in Spectrum and other population-based models","volume":"88 Suppl 2","author":"Rollins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26052","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26052","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of broadly neutralizing antibody prophylaxis for HIV-exposed infants in sub-Saharan African settings","volume":"26","author":"Dugdale","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz485","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz485","article-title":"Virological outcome measures during analytical treatment interruptions in chronic HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"6","author":"Feh\u00e9r","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13504-2","article-title":"Viral load monitoring for people living with HIV in the era of test and treat: progress made and challenges ahead\u2014a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Pham","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232358","article-title":"Maternal viral load monitoring: coverage and clinical action at 4 Kenyan hospitals","volume":"15","author":"Sandbulte","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0225476","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225476","article-title":"Viral load testing among women on \u2018option B+\u2019 in Mazowe, Zimbabwe: how well are we doing?","volume":"14","author":"Nyakura","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5258-3","article-title":"Challenges and successes in the implementation of option B+ to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Southern Swaziland","volume":"18","author":"Etoori","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-022-00480-1","article-title":"Viral load testing among pregnant women living with HIV in Mutare district of Manicaland province, Zimbabwe","volume":"19","author":"Musanhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B29","volume-title":"Kenya HIV prevention and treatment guidelines, 2022 edition","author":"Ministry of Health NASCOP","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025102314035105000_ofaf606-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25609","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25609","article-title":"Retention-in-care in the PMTCT cascade: definitions matter! 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