{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:28:24Z","timestamp":1788586104245,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination, used against tuberculosis, is recognized for its immunomodulatory properties, a phenomenon referred to as \u201ctrained immunity.\u201d Given these effects, there is increasing interest in evaluating its safety and impact on immune function in people living with HIV-1 (PWH). Historically, BCG was contraindicated in PWH due to safety concerns in immunocompromised individuals. This study aims to assess both the safety of BCG in PWH and its effects on the HIV-1 latent reservoir size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This Phase IIA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center trial enrolled 60 PWH with a suppressed viral load and CD4 T-cell count &amp;gt;350\/\u03bcL. Participants were randomized in a stepped-wedge design into equal groups for early or late BCG vaccination. Each participant received a single intradermal dose of BCG vaccine followed by a placebo 3 months later, or vice versa. The HIV-1 latent reservoir was quantified at 3-month intervals to day 270. The primary endpoint was the HIV-1 reservoir size 6 months postvaccination, with secondary endpoints including safety outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant differences were found in intact proviral HIV-1 DNA levels at 6 months compared to baseline. Local reactions occurred in 96% of participants, leading to scarring in 73%. No systemic infections or serious BCG-related adverse events were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BCG vaccination is safe in PWH, but local skin reactions including scarring are common. There was no significant effect on the HIV-1 reservoir. These findings provide valuable insights into the safety profile of BCG vaccination in PWH, emphasizing its potential for broader immunological studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:06:35Z","timestamp":1758801995000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Safety of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin Vaccination and Impact on HIV-1 Latent Reservoir Size in People With Treated HIV-1 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7623-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , University of Zurich, Zurich 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,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich , Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4924-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"K\u00e4lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , University of Zurich, Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence K","family":"Tutumlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , University of Zurich, Zurich 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