{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:49:25Z","timestamp":1782218965148,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI069924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01TW009998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01TW009998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI147727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI147727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI155140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI155140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD085862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD085862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37AI179640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI179640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP00P3_211025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP00P3_211025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The molecular characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Africa, including the impact of HIV coinfection, are poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on biospecimens collected before antiviral therapy in a well-characterized cohort of adults with HBV in Zambia, enriched for HIV coinfection (HBV\/HIV). We assessed the frequency of basal core promoter (BCP) and precore variants, substitution frequencies, and the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN\/dS ratios), a surrogate for selection pressure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 215 participants (median age, 33 years; 36% e antigen [HBeAg] positive, 35% with HBV\/HIV), 114 (53.0%) had viral genotype E (gtE), and 101 (47.0%) had genotype A (gtA), subgenotype 1. BCP and precore variants, associated with HBeAg negativity, were more common with increased age, in the absence of HIV, and with gtE. Distinct from gtA, gtE had dN\/dS ratios that were increased in the core vs polymerase region. Low dN\/dS ratios were observed in HBV\/HIV, especially at the lowest CD4 T-cell frequencies. Sequences from acute HBV infection as well as from 5 participants with chronic HBV\/HIV who cleared hepatitis B surface antigen early during tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy showed remarkably low dN\/dS ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HBV gtE exhibited distinct substitution patterns compared with gtA, and HBV\/HIV was associated with reduced HBV sequence diversity, consistent with impaired immune pressure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T11:54:45Z","timestamp":1758974085000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Whole-Genome Sequencing of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes E and A in Zambia Reveals Limited Viral Diversity in HIV Coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Michael J","family":"Vinikoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Research Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia , Lusaka ,","place":["Zambia"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka ,","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of D\u00fcsseldorf , Medical Faculty, D\u00fcsseldorf ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Nsokolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka ,","place":["Zambia"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University , Lusaka ,","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taonga","family":"Musonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka ,","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Muula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia , Lusaka ,","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Michailidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5278-8763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Wandeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern , Bern 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