{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:07:37Z","timestamp":1793412457925,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214321\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214321\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203135\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203135\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A small proportion of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have tuberculosis-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (tuberculosis-IRIS) have prolonged and complicated courses and experience poor response to corticosteroid therapy, relapse after withdrawing, or intolerability demonstrating a need for alternative immunomodulatory options. Thalidomide has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, primarily in neurological tuberculosis in children, but there is little description of its use in adult patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe the clinical course in 7 adult patients with complicated HIV-associated tuberculosis-IRIS treated with thalidomide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical manifestations included central nervous system tuberculosis (n = 4) , tuberculous adenitis (n = 2), and recurrent tuberculous psoas collection (n = 1). All patients were given thalidomide (100 mg) for 6\u201312 months, with favorable clinical outcomes and no adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thalidomide dosed at 100 mg\/d remains an agent with clinical utility in this small subset of patients, and further research to determine optimal dosing and duration could be beneficial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T12:25:16Z","timestamp":1759235116000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Thalidomide as an Adjunctive Therapy for HIV-Tuberculosis\u2013Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8741-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Lee-Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5126-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K","family":"Rebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Vincent Pallotti Hospital , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8050-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town & Neurology Research Group, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1196-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G","family":"Meintjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2005-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9492-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H","family":"van der 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