{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:24:29Z","timestamp":1780532669041,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Invasive aspergillosis is a severe fungal disease with a high mortality rate, mostly seen in severely immunocompromised hosts, including persons with HIV\/AIDS. The detection of galactomannan (GM) antigen is more sensitive than fungal cultures in diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. We conducted a pilot study using the s\u014dna Aspergillus GM Lateral Flow Assay on serum among people with advanced HIV disease (AHD) in Uganda to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Aspergillus GM antigenemia in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study conducted at 9 health facilities in Uganda in 2023. Persons presenting with AHD (CD4&amp;lt;200 cells\/mm3) were consecutively enrolled. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire, serum and sputum samples were tested both onsite and at the Central Public Health Laboratories using the s\u014dna Aspergillus GM Lateral Flow Assay and culture, respectively. Logistic regression was performed at a 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the factors associated with Aspergillus GM antigenemia. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aspergillus GM antigenemia was present in 119 of 332 (35.8%) of participants. Among 26 samples with Aspergillus growth, 30.8% were Aspergillus terreus, 26.9% were Aspergillus flavus, 26.9% were Aspergillus niger, 11.5% were Aspergillus fumigatus, and 3.8% were Aspergillus lentulus. Being an inpatient (adjusted odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3\u20134.5) and having HIV World Health Organization stage 3 or 4 disease (adjusted odds ratio, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.2\u201313.0) were independently associated with Aspergillus GM antigenemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high Aspergillus GM antigenemia of about 4 in 10 persons with AHD in Uganda may suggest a high burden of aspergillosis in this population. There is urgent need for further definitive studies incorporating host factors, clinical factors and radiological imaging to determine the burden of aspergillosis among people with AHD in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T11:58:55Z","timestamp":1759492735000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Factors Associated With\n                    <i>Aspergillus galactomannan<\/i>\n                    Antigenemia Among People With Advanced HIV Disease in Uganda, 2023"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Proscovia M","family":"Namuwenge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STD\/AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Kyokushaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Kasone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9761-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget","family":"Ainembabazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STD\/AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ssemanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Nakityo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius N","family":"Kalamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kabanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Nantege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deus","family":"Lukoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5270-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Kwizera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Ssewanyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Nabadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Ministry of Health , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8854-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Meya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200430","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760200430","article-title":"Invasive fungal disease in humans: are we aware of the real impact?","volume":"115","author":"Firacative","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206291","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"70","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.08.010","article-title":"The Nationwide Austrian Aspergillus Registry: a prospective data collection on epidemiology, therapy and outcome of invasive mould infections in immunocompromised and\/or immunosuppressed patients","volume":"36","author":"Perkhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03548.x","article-title":"Epidemiological trends in invasive aspergillosis in France: the SAIF network (2005\u20132007)","volume":"17","author":"Lortholary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1445-1","article-title":"Culture-positive invasive aspergillosis in a medical center in Taiwan, 2000\u20132009","volume":"31","author":"Hsiue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0539-3","article-title":"SIMIFF study: Italian fungal registry of mold infections in hematological and non-hematological patients","volume":"42","author":"Montagna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1086\/505870","article-title":"Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey","volume":"43","author":"Cornillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.6.1614","article-title":"Aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Klapholz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.1.131","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes associated with identification of Aspergillus in respiratory specimens from persons with HIV disease","volume":"114","author":"Wallace","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.5.828-a","article-title":"Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: is disseminated aspergillosis predictive of underlying cellular immune deficiency?","volume":"149","author":"Schaffner","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.310","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis","volume":"12","author":"Latg\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(96)92700-0","article-title":"Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital","volume":"33","author":"Groll","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B14","first-page":"459405","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: from diagnosis to prediction of outcome","volume":"2013","author":"Barton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1086\/588660","article-title":"Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European organization for research and treatment of cancer\/invasive fungal infections cooperative group and the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases mycoses study group (EORTC\/MSG) consensus group","volume":"46","author":"De Pauw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(97)90833-1","article-title":"Serum Aspergillus galactomannan antigen testing by sandwich ELISA: practical use in neutropenic patients","volume":"35","author":"Bretagne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.08.009","article-title":"Respiratory specimens and the diagnostic accuracy of Aspergillus lateral flow assays (LFA-IMMY\u2122): real-life data from a multicentre study","volume":"25","author":"Lass-Fl\u00f6rl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz079","article-title":"Lateral flow assays for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in adult hematology patients: a comparative multicenter study","volume":"58","author":"Mercier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00053-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00053-20","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance of the IMMY sona Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay when testing serum to aid in diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"58","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B20","volume-title":"Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences","author":"Daniel","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B21","first-page":"25","article-title":"Determination of sample size and sampling methods in applied research","volume":"3","author":"Nanjundeswaraswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Eng Sci"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-002-2033-1","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in Italian AIDS patients","volume":"30","author":"Libanore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2026031116100442900_ofaf620-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.141","article-title":"Aspergillus species colonization and invasive disease in patients with AIDS","volume":"14","author":"Pursell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf620\/64540004\/ofaf620.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/13\/3\/ofaf620\/64540004\/ofaf620.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/13\/3\/ofaf620\/64540004\/ofaf620.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T20:10:13Z","timestamp":1773259813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf620\/8277084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf620","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"article-number":"ofaf620"}}