{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T09:46:36Z","timestamp":1785750396255,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant R01AI143671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant R01AI143671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant UM1TR004403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant UM1TR004403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza is strongly associated with an increased risk for subsequent bacterial pneumonia. Moreover, cystic fibrosis (CF) carriers are at increased risk for some pulmonary infections. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CF carriers are at greater risk for postinfluenza pneumonia than noncarriers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using MarketScan insurance claims data (2001\u20132023), we identified a study cohort of 38 047 CF carriers and a cohort of 380 470 matched controls. We conducted 2 analyses using these cohorts. First, we assessed individual-level risk for experiencing pneumonia following an influenza infection. Second, because many cases of influenza often do not result in medical visits, we conducted a cohort-level analysis comparing the weekly incidence of pneumonia between CF carriers and noncarriers while accounting for weekly Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2013reported influenzalike illnesses across multiple influenza seasons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At an individual level, we found that the odds of developing pneumonia following a diagnosis of influenza were approximately 34% greater among CF carriers compared with noncarriers. Second, we found that while the incidence of influenza is not elevated among CF carriers, the incidence rate of pneumonia was about 55% greater among CF carriers compared with our control population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because 2%\u201311% of the population acquires influenza each year, and because there are &amp;gt;10\u201315 million CF carriers in the United States alone, a substantial number of cases of secondary pneumonia may be attributable to the CF carrier state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:29:18Z","timestamp":1761046158000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Increased Risk for Postinfluenza Pneumonia Among Cystic Fibrosis Carriers\u2014A Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aaron C","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D Erik","family":"Boonstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe E","family":"Cavanaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud H","family":"Abou Alaiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro P","family":"Comellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas B","family":"Hornick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Stoltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip M","family":"Polgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025103022461562700_ofaf642-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1300109","article-title":"Origins of cystic fibrosis lung disease","volume":"372","author":"Stoltz","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025103022461562700_ofaf642-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0042-3","article-title":"Bronchiectasis","volume":"4","author":"Chalmers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis 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