{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:58:11Z","timestamp":1790099891282,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI093856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI093856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI147319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI147319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI 68386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI 68386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW010045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW012481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW012481"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis persists today in many resource-limited countries in the southern hemisphere because unobserved transmission of M. tuberculosis occurs in undefined contact networks of infectious cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the transmission dynamics of M. tuberculosis in an African city with endemic tuberculosis, we built out a sociocentric network in the Lubaga Division of Kampala, Uganda, using the personal networks of 130 index cases and 123 community controls frequency-matched by age, sex, and parish. Clusters of genetically related strains were identified using whole genome sequencing was from 99 isolates of the cases. The social distance between cases with related pairs was estimated from the sociocentic network.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that characteristics of this sociocentric network account, in part, for tuberculosis persistence. These characteristics included highly connected network members, or hubs, where mixing among contacts may occur; predominant transmission among contacts with weak, or distant, ties to the index case; and geographic structural holes in the network that may link cases with these unknown contacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that active case finding within the social networks of index cases may result in marginal gains in reducing transmission of tuberculosis. To achieve greater gains, transmission in the community may be reduced through population-based strategies that disrupt transmission in geographic hubs of transmission where mixing may occur between infectious cases and community contacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research was conducted with support from the National Institute of Health (AI093856, AI147319, P30 AI 68386, D43TW010045, D43TW012481).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T12:43:07Z","timestamp":1762087387000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Community Networks in the Transmission and Persistence of\n                    <i>M. tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    in Urban Africa with Endemic Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5962-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Galiwango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0398-9761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trang","family":"Quach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Services and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kirimunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kakaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet N","family":"Sekandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0440-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"United States Army Veterinary Corps , Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3891-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Franklin College, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0568-4264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Franklin College, University of Georgia , 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