{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T01:55:53Z","timestamp":1774403753177,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019965","name":"BC Centre for Disease Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SC1-178736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SC1-178736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIV-194093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIV-194093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Health Research BC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RT-2024-03845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT-2024-03845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Economics of Infectious Diseases","award":["CRC-2022-00362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC-2022-00362"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research suggests the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with reductions in HBV testing early in the pandemic. However, impacts of the pandemic on HBV testing in the longer-term and among people who inject drugs (PWID) are unclear. We investigated the impact of the pandemic and related policies on HBV testing from 2020 to 2022, including among PWID, in British Columbia (BC), Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using population data from the BC COVID-19 Cohort, we conducted interrupted time series analyses of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), HBV DNA, and HBV e-antigen (HBeAg) testing. The study included a prepandemic period (January 2017\u2013February 2020), a transition period (March\u2013May 2020), and pandemic periods in 2020 (June\u2013December), 2021, and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HBsAg testing decreased by 16.5% (95% CI 13.9\u201318.9) and HBV DNA testing decreased by 11.6% (95% CI 9.5\u201313.6) in June\u2013December 2020 relative to predicted levels, and testing remained lower than predicted throughout 2021 and 2022. Percentage reductions in HBV DNA testing were greater for PWID compared with non-PWID in 2020 (30.0% vs 11.2%) and thereafter. Changes in HBeAg testing overall were less pronounced but varied by sex and age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pandemic and related policies were associated with decreases in HBsAg and HBV DNA testing in 2020, and testing remained lower than predicted throughout 2021 and 2022. Additional efforts to increase HBV testing are needed, including strategies to ensure linkage to care for PWID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:21:00Z","timestamp":1764854460000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Testing for Hepatitis B in British Columbia, Canada: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5869-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard L","family":"Morrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean D","family":"Makuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dahn","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4785-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2128-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W L","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeva","family":"Sahakyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zo\u00eb","family":"Greenwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hin Hin","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0764-4664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor A","family":"Vel\u00e1squez Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0699-2250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia R","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7681-7573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Krajden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4059-8767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alnoor","family":"Ramji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanley","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naveed Zafar","family":"Janjua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul's Hospital , Vancouver, British Columbia ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121016425212900_ofaf727-B1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study","volume":"27","author":"Polaris Observatory Collaborators","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025121016425212900_ofaf727-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i26.4004","article-title":"Progress and challenges in the comprehensive management of chronic viral hepatitis: key ways to achieve the 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