{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T10:56:33Z","timestamp":1767437793792,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015829","name":"Ministry of Health of the Netherlands","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since September 2022, an ongoing increase in gonorrhea positivity rates and diagnoses among young women visiting sexual health centers was observed in the Netherlands. To gain more insight into possible drivers of this increase, this study aimed to investigate the molecular diversity, clustering, and transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae related to the gonorrhea increase in the Netherlands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between January 2022 and March 2023, viable and stored N gonorrhoeae isolates from vaginal swab samples from 273 women &amp;lt;25 years of age were included from 4 sexual health centers in the Netherlands. All isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing. The molecular diversity was investigated by analyzing (core genome) multilocus sequence types (STs) over time and by patient characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of ST7359 and ST7822 increased from &amp;lt;5% in the beginning of 2022 to \u223c23% in 2023 and ST9363 from 6% to 14%. ST7359 and ST9363 were associated with hosts with university-level education and Dutch ethnicity. ST7359 and ST7822 also included large clusters of genetically related isolates (&amp;lt;6-gene difference). No indication for reduced antimicrobial susceptibility to ceftriaxone was found in any ST.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The N gonorrhoeae surge among young women is not caused by a single strain. The prevalence of STs shifted over time, and certain STs were associated with distinct populations and showed clustering of genetically related isolates. These findings suggest rapid clonal expansion of several circulating STs. This may be indicative of increased transmission within specific sexual networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T13:11:36Z","timestamp":1765458696000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    Sequence Types During an Increase of Gonorrhea Among Young Women in 2022 and 2023 in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2607-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maartje","family":"Visser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University , Maastricht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene C A","family":"Zondag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit H B","family":"van Benthem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corn\u00e9 H W","family":"Klaassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia M","family":"Bruisten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-9600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise E","family":"Twisk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Public Health Service Rotterdam , Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center , Rotterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne Q","family":"van Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Haaglanden Medical Centre , The Hague ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry J C","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases , Amsterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra F G","family":"Wolffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3967-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alje P","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity , Amsterdam ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections in the Netherlands in 2023","year":"2024","author":"Kayaert","key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B1"},{"key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056276","article-title":"Increase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections after ending COVID-19 lockdown measures in Amsterdam, the Netherlands","volume":"101","author":"Teker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Transm 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revealed by genomic population analysis","volume":"76","author":"de Korne-Elenbaas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52343-0","article-title":"Longitudinal genomic analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission dynamics in Australia","volume":"15","author":"Taouk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"author":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B13"},{"key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03573-6","article-title":"A trend analysis of condom use in Spanish young people over the two past decades, 1999\u20132020","volume":"26","author":"Ballester-Arnal","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"volume-title":"Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021\/2022 survey","year":"2024","author":"K\u00f6lt\u0151","key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B15"},{"key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12390-4","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual functioning and activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Masoudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2022-055680","article-title":"Sexual and reproductive health in Britain during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional population survey (Natsal-COVID-Wave 2) and national surveillance data","volume":"99","author":"Mitchell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2026010305533027600_ofaf767-B18","first-page":"2200081","article-title":"Increased clonality among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates during the COVID-19 pandemic in 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