{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T04:46:18Z","timestamp":1770180378370,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN-FR-980-6332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN-FR-980-6332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Superinfection with the hepatitis D virus (HDV) leads to a more aggressive form of chronic hepatitis B. While around 5% of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)\u2013positive individuals are estimated to be hepatitis B virus (HBV)\u2013HDV dually infected globally, the time point of superinfection is unknown and repeated HDV testing is not yet supported by international guidelines. Inci-D is a post hoc analysis from 2 prospective cohorts to evaluate the HDV superinfection rate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Inci-D cohort consists of 2 HBV cohorts of clinical meta-data and stored plasma samples or dried-blood spots (DBS) from The Gambia (Prolifica) and France.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, samples from 1016 HBsAg-positive individuals were analyzed (625 from The Gambia, 391 from France); the baseline HDV prevalence was 1.1% (7\/625) and 2.5% (10\/391), respectively. The median age (interquartile range) was 38 (32\u201350) years, and 63% were male. Patients in the French cohort were older (P &amp;lt; .001), with higher liver enzymes (P &amp;lt; .001), were more often hepatitis B e antigen positive (P &amp;lt; .001) or anti-HCV positive (P &amp;lt; .001), and had more advanced liver disease (P &amp;lt; .001). In the Gambian cohort, after a median follow-up time of 5.98 years, 14 individuals were detected to be newly HDV antibody (Ab) positive (3.85\/1000 patient-years). In the French cohort, after a median follow-up time of 2.1 years, 3 individuals were newly detected to be HDV Ab positive (3.70\/1000 patient-years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis Delta superinfection increases considerably in HBsAg-positive carriers in The Gambia as well as in France. These findings support consideration of repeated HDV serology testing in HBsAg-positive individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:27:27Z","timestamp":1766406447000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatitis D Virus Seroconversion Rate Among People With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in France and The Gambia (Inci-D)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7218-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Ingiliz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Department, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est , Cr\u00e9teil ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Team \u201cVirus, Hepatology, Cancer,\u201d Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Inserm Unit U955 , Creteil ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwan","family":"Vo-Quang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Department, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est , Cr\u00e9teil ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Team \u201cVirus, Hepatology, Cancer,\u201d Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Inserm Unit U955 , Creteil ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"MRC The Gambia Unit@London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Fajara ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gibril","family":"Ndow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC The Gambia Unit@London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Fajara ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC The Gambia Unit@London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Fajara ,","place":["The Gambia"]},{"name":"Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amie","family":"Ceesay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC The Gambia Unit@London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Fajara ,","place":["The Gambia"]},{"name":"Cancer Research Centre, INSERM , Lyon ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sainabou","family":"Drammeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC The Gambia Unit@London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Fajara ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-No\u00eblle","family":"Hilleret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Department, University Hospital Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences , Grenoble ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Bordy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Department, University Hospital Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Decaens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Department, University Hospital Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences , Grenoble ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Mazialivoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Department, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est , Cr\u00e9teil ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Shimakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Unit\u00e9 d'\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Maladies \u00c9mergentes , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alhagie B","family":"Touray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC The Gambia Unit@London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Fajara ,","place":["The Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0745-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Pawlotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Team \u201cVirus, Hepatology, Cancer,\u201d Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Inserm Unit U955 , Creteil ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"French National Reference Center for Hepatitis B, C and D Viruses, Department of Virology, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est , Cr\u00e9teil ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Chemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Centre, INSERM , Lyon ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6913-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane","family":"Chevaliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Team \u201cVirus, Hepatology, Cancer,\u201d Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Inserm Unit U955 , Creteil ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"French National Reference Center for Hepatitis B, C and D Viruses, Department of Virology, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est , Cr\u00e9teil ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Department, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est , Cr\u00e9teil ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Team \u201cVirus, Hepatology, Cancer,\u201d Institut Mondor de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale, Inserm Unit U955 , Creteil ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.10.6124","article-title":"\u03b4 agent: association of \u03b4 antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and RNA in serum of \u03b4-infected chimpanzees","volume":"77","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13057","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01495-07","article-title":"Entry of hepatitis Delta virus requires the conserved cysteine residues of the hepatitis B virus envelope protein antigenic loop and is blocked by inhibitors of thiol-disulfide exchange","volume":"81","author":"Abou-Jaoud\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a021550","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021550","article-title":"Hepatitis D virus coinfection and superinfection","volume":"4","author":"Negro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61931-9","article-title":"Hepatitis Delta virus","volume":"378","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","article-title":"The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz633","article-title":"Estimating the global prevalence, disease progression, and clinical outcome of hepatitis Delta virus infection","volume":"221","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00462-0","article-title":"Hepatitis D: challenges in the estimation of true prevalence and laboratory diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000642","article-title":"Association of hepatitis Delta virus with liver morbidity and mortality: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Gish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30663-7","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa-2a plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis D (HIDIT-II): a randomised, placebo controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"19","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101057","article-title":"Treatment with bulevirtide in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis D: ANRS HD EP01 BuleDelta and compassionate cohort","volume":"6","author":"de L\u00e9dinghen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP reports Innov Hepatol"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056098","article-title":"Advances in hepatitis Delta research: emerging insights and future directions","volume":"100","author":"Degasperi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.05.001","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines on hepatitis Delta virus","volume":"79","author":"Brunetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9675-4","article-title":"Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update","volume":"10","author":"Sarin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e559","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30130-9","article-title":"Acceptability and feasibility of a screen-and-treat programme for hepatitis B virus infection in the Gambia: the Prevention of Liver Fibrosis and Cancer in Africa (PROLIFICA) study","volume":"4","author":"Lemoine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00226-7","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of untreated adults living with chronic hepatitis B in The Gambia: an analysis of data from the prospective PROLIFICA cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Ndow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-11-2709","article-title":"Hepatitis Delta virus genotypes I and II cocirculate in an endemic area of Yakutia, Russia","volume":"82","author":"Ivaniushina","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29574","article-title":"Genetic diversity and worldwide distribution of the Deltavirus genus: a study of 2,152 clinical strains","volume":"66","author":"Le Gal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae418","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a fully automated deep sequencing platform for hepatitis B genotyping and resistance testing","volume":"80","author":"Ortonne","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80185-8","article-title":"Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis Delta virus: molecular evidence","volume":"30","author":"Niro","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B21","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of hepatitis D virus infection in people with HIV in the era of tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy","author":"Huang","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12564","article-title":"A regular screening for hepatitis Delta virus among chronic hepatitis B carriers improves the diagnostic of this infection and of subsequent cirrhosis development","volume":"12","author":"Weichselbaum","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.038","article-title":"Origin, HDV genotype and persistent viremia determine outcome and treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis Delta","volume":"73","author":"Roulot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026020312065189800_ofaf792-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70026","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70026","article-title":"Hepatitis Delta and liver disease among people living with hepatitis B with or without HIV co-infection in Senegal","volume":"45","author":"Wembulua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf792\/66131669\/ofaf792.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/13\/1\/ofaf792\/66131669\/ofaf792.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/13\/1\/ofaf792\/66131669\/ofaf792.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:07:02Z","timestamp":1770138422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf792\/8405223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf792","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"article-number":"ofaf792"}}