{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:29:47Z","timestamp":1785817787153,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113-2321-B-016-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2321-B-016-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114-2321-B-016-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2321-B-016-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019000","name":"Ministry of National Defense Medical Affairs Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAB-C02-112014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-C02-112014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019000","name":"Ministry of National Defense Medical Affairs Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAB-D-114196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-D-114196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the extent of cross-protection conferred by the historic smallpox vaccination and the immunogenicity of Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) after the 2022 global mpox outbreak is essential to inform current prevention strategies. In this study, we assessed the seropositivity and neutralizing capacities of the vaccinia virus (VACV)- and monkeypox virus (MPXV)-specific antibodies in 260 Taiwanese individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed serum samples from 260 individuals in Taiwan, stratified by their birth year, before or after 1979, the year of smallpox vaccination cessation. ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization tests were conducted to assess VACV- and MPXV-specific antibody responses. Furthermore, we evaluated an additional cohort of MVA-BN vaccines (n = 9) before and after vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 80% of individuals born before 1979 retained VACV-reactive antibodies, with 84% of this seropositive subgroup exhibiting neutralizing activity. We detected cross-reactive MPXV antibodies in 69% of individuals who were VACV-seropositive; however, only 65% had MPXV-neutralizing capacity, with titers significantly lower than those against VACV. MVA-BN vaccination enhanced VACV and MPXV antibody levels; however, MPXV-neutralizing titers remained low, particularly in individuals without prior smallpox immunization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Historical smallpox vaccination induces long-lasting humoral immunity, and a correlation between VACV and MPXV antibody levels further suggests that it provides some degree of cross-protection against MPXV infection. MVA-BN boosted orthopoxvirus immunity; however, it may be limited in MPXV neutralization in vaccine-na\u00efve populations. These findings offer useful insights for future mpox vaccination strategies and public health planning in regions with varying smallpox vaccination histories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T12:20:39Z","timestamp":1768220439000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Persistent Immunity From Historic Smallpox Vaccination and Its Limited Cross-Neutralization of Monkeypox Virus: A Population-based Serological Study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3553-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0574-5736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Hui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0105-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le-Tien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jen","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2022-3979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Heng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020605463988200_ofag018-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102940","article-title":"Mpox infection: a state-of-the-art overview of epidemiological, molecular, and clinical aspects following the 2024 public health emergency","volume":"18","author":"Zamani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2026020605463988200_ofag018-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3108.241551","article-title":"Emergence of clade ib monkeypox virus-current state of evidence","volume":"31","author":"Satheshkumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020605463988200_ofag018-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28251","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28251","article-title":"Human monkeypox (hMPXV) re-emergence: host immunity status and current vaccines landscape","volume":"95","author":"Shafaati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026020605463988200_ofag018-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)03144-1","article-title":"Human monkeypox and smallpox viruses: genomic comparison","volume":"509","author":"Shchelkunov","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2026020605463988200_ofag018-B5","first-page":"372","article-title":"Human monkeypox disease (MPX)","volume":"30","author":"Farahat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"2026020605463988200_ofag018-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? 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