{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:30:04Z","timestamp":1770975004628,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018ZX10715-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10715-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) exacerbates mortality and morbidity in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but limited research has been conducted on incidence of HBV in people with HIV (PWH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We herein conducted a retrospective cohort study of PWH in Yunnan province, China. PWH who underwent antiretroviral therapy (ART) and whose status was initially negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were enrolled and followed-up with from 2004 to 2024 to analyze chronic HBV infection incidence and associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 40 086 HBsAg-negative PWH underwent at least 1 follow-up test, contributing to a cumulative observation time of 221 049.8 person-years (PYs). Of the included individuals, 894 chronic HBV infections were identified, corresponding to a HBsAg-emia incidence of 2.23%, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 0.40 per 100 PYs (95% CI: 0.38\u20130.43). We ascertained that individuals who acquired their infection as an injectable drug user (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR, 1.50]) and who exhibited low ART adherence (aHR, 1.46) were primarily associated with a higher incidence of chronic HBV infection. Those individuals who were enrolled post-2014 (aHR, 0.81) were linked to a lower incidence of HBV, indicating a 19% relative reduction in chronic HBV infection compared to those enrolled pre-2014.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reduction may have been linked to factors such as introduction of hepatitis B vaccination, a decrease in proportion of HIV infections transmitted through injectable drugs, and improved effectiveness of ART. We posit that our efforts should focus in the future on enhancing immunization, treatment, and behavior intervention in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T12:36:57Z","timestamp":1769258217000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among People With HIV in Yunnan Province, China: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study (2004\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7887-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minyang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cross-Border Infectious Disease Control and Prevention and Novel Drug Development (Under Construction) , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cross-Border Infectious Disease Control and Prevention and Novel Drug Development (Under Construction) , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Kunming Medical University School of Public Health, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liru","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuehua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chongwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenfei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Institute for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, , Kunming ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety , Kunming ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2799-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60220-8","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"384","author":"Tr\u00e9po","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B2","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30270-X","article-title":"Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a lancet gastroenterology & hepatology commission","volume":"4","author":"Cooke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B4","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010117","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B in Canadian first-time blood donors: association with social determinants of health","volume":"16","author":"O'Brien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30042-1","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection in children and adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Indolfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B7","first-page":"1309","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B(version 2022)","volume":"30","author":"Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Hepatl"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B8","first-page":"221","article-title":"Research advances in the disease burden of viral hepatitis in China","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Hepatol"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808722","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.808722","article-title":"Pulmonary immune dysregulation and viral persistence during HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"Alexandrova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit937","article-title":"Long-term immune responses to vaccination in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Kerneis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713981","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.713981","article-title":"HBV\/HIV coinfection: impact on the development and clinical treatment of liver diseases","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B12","first-page":"225","article-title":"The national HIV\/STI epidemic in December 2024","volume":"31","author":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention\uff0cChina CDC","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS & STD"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B13","first-page":"619","article-title":"Progress of antiretroviral therapy in China and considerations for promoting high-quality development","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS & STD"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70946-6","article-title":"HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus co-infection in patients in the China National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program, 2010\u201312: a retrospective observational cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70033","article-title":"HCV incidence in people with HIV in southwest China: a retrospective cohort study (2004\u20132023)","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B16","volume-title":"China Free antiretroviral therapy manual","author":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001399","article-title":"Hepatitis B incidence and prevention with antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive individuals in Uganda","volume":"31","author":"Seremba","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002886","article-title":"Incidence and factors associated with hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in patients co-infected with HBV\/HIV during antiretroviral therapy in Guangdong, China","volume":"136","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130485","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1130485","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of HBV functional cure in patients with HIV\/HBV coinfection: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab116","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab116","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of hepatitis B surface antigen clearance in HIV patients: a retrospective multisite study","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimce.2020.09.008","article-title":"Acute hepatitis B among HIV positive persons: a two-decade review of cases from a Spanish cohort","volume":"40","author":"Mart\u00edn-Carbonero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.)"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B22","first-page":"2661","article-title":"Changes of the unprotected sexual behavior and its influencing factors among HIV\/AIDS patients within one year after diagnosis","volume":"49","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Modern Prevent Med"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit145","article-title":"Prophylactic effect of antiretroviral therapy on hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"56","author":"Gatanaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000180","article-title":"Protective effect of hepatitis B virus-active antiretroviral therapy against primary hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"28","author":"Heuft","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw195","article-title":"Dually active HIV\/HBV antiretrovirals as protection against incident hepatitis B infections: potential for prophylaxis","volume":"214","author":"Shilaih","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B26","first-page":"652","article-title":"Seroprevalence and the influencing factors of anti-HBs antibody after five-year hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected persons","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/455609a","article-title":"The changing face of HIV in China","volume":"455","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B28","first-page":"1309","article-title":"The characteristics of new reported foreign and Chinese HIV\/AIDS patients in Yunnan province in 2016","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Dis Contol Prev"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.046","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper, July 2017\u2014recommendations","volume":"37","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2025.2502643","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination with HepB-CpG in people living with HIV: a narrative review","volume":"24","author":"McKoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"2026021303062045200_ofag038-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12934","article-title":"Gender disparity in chronic hepatitis B: mechanisms of sex hormones","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Open Forum Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofag038\/66743599\/ofag038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/13\/2\/ofag038\/66743599\/ofag038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article-pdf\/13\/2\/ofag038\/66743599\/ofag038.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:06:30Z","timestamp":1770969990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofag038\/8458568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofag038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2328-8957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"article-number":"ofag038"}}