{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:04:58Z","timestamp":1772453098614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K08932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K08932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K08602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K08602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24wm0225039s0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24wm0225039s0302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015060","name":"Nagasaki University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24wm0125006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24wm0125006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25fk0410077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25fk0410077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our previous study suggested that mixed infection with R5 and X4\/dual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may contribute to coreceptor switch from R5 to X4 HIV-1. To confirm this hypothesis, we investigated mixed HIV-1 infections in people who inject drugs (PWID) infected with the CRF01_AE subtype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Viral plasma RNA from PWID were extracted, the V3 region of the HIV-1 gp120 gene was amplified, and deep sequencing was performed. Coreceptor usage was determined using phenotypic assay by cloning each V3 region. Coreceptor usage of minor HIV-1 variants detected by deep sequencing was predicted based on the amino acid sequences of the V3 region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep sequencing of plasma from 36 PWID revealed that mixed HIV-1 infection involving different coreceptor usage occurred in 13 cases (36.1%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that R5 variants were dominant, whereas X4\/dual variants were detected as minor populations in most cases. In 1 case, however, R5 variants emerged as a distinct minor population mixed with X4\/dual variants as the major population. Notably, plasma viral RNA load (pVL) was higher in cases of mixed infection with R5 and X4\/dual HIV-1 than in those infected solely with R5 HIV-1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our observations suggest a possible association between mixed HIV-1 coreceptor usage and coreceptor switch in CRF01_AE\u2013infected PWID, and that mixed infection may be associated with pVL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:07:16Z","timestamp":1771657636000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frequent Detection of HIV-1 Variants With Mixed Coreceptor Usage Among People Who Inject Drugs Infected With CRF01_AE: Possible Association With Coreceptor 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,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9649-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuzo","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7949-7309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2573-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Futoshi","family":"Hasebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki 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