{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T16:35:20Z","timestamp":1772037320447,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/01848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical and microbiological features of infection due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective, multinational case-control study that included HSCT recipients (\u226512 years) diagnosed with NTM disease between January 2008 and December 2018. Controls were HSCT recipients with no evidence of NTM disease, matched (1:2 ratio) by participating center and post-transplant survival. Logistic regression on matched pairs was used to investigate risk factors for NTM disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 25 cases of NTM disease. The most common HSCT type was allogeneic from unrelated donor (72.0%) after myeloablative conditioning (76.0%). Predominant hematological conditions were acute myelogenous leukemia (28.0%) and myelodysplastic syndrome (24.0%). Most patients (88.0%) had previously received immunosuppressive therapy. The most common species identified were Mycobacterium avium complex (64.0%) and rapidly growing mycobacteria (20.0%). Most patients (68.0%) had pulmonary disease. All but one received antimycobacterial therapy for a median of 267.5 days. Macrolides (83.3%), rifamycins (58.3%) and ethambutol (62.5%) were the most commonly used drugs. Four patients (16.7%) developed adverse events requiring therapy discontinuation. All-cause and attributable mortality rates were 28.0% and 4.0%, respectively. One patient experienced relapse after 464 days. Diagnosis of a non-NTM infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.11; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.25\u20137.78) and corticosteroid therapy (aOR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.16\u20137.17), both within the previous 90 days, were associated with NTM disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NTM disease is a serious complication among heavily immunocompromised HSCT recipients associated with prior non-NTM infection and corticosteroid therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:43:58Z","timestamp":1770986638000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Presentation, Risk Factors and Outcome of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Infection in Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation: A Multinational Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Tiago","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peggy L","family":"Carver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy , Ann Arbor, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sasinuch","family":"Rutjanawech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine , St.Louis, Missouri ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis F","family":"Aranha-Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , S\u00e3o Paulo ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruan","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , S\u00e3o Paulo ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1725-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Belga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine , Vancouver, BC ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8078-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amenah","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah ,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas J","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Burkhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole M","family":"Theodoropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douwe F","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pleun J","family":"van Duijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Certe Laboratory for Infectious Diseases , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Arnaiz de las Revillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, IDIVAL , Santander ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"P\u00e9rez del Molino-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, IDIVAL , Santander ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Medical Center , New Orleans, Louisiana ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7794-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Medical Center , New Orleans, Louisiana ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Bodro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Vanino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico Sant\u2019Orsola, University of Bologna , Bologna ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1189-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA) , Majadahonda ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ramos-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA) , Majadahonda ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateja","family":"Jankovic Makek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Pulmonary Diseases, School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb , Zagreb ,","place":["Croatia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ribal Bou","family":"Mjahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7607-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Manuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7198-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Calvo-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Institute of Biosanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), Area of Medicine, University of Extremadura , Badajoz ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Rueda-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Institute of Biosanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), Area of Medicine, University of Extremadura , Badajoz ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Ur\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, Biomedical Research Institute Gregorio Mara\u00f1on (IiSGM), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universidad Complutense , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regino","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Cruces , Barakaldo ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Mularoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCC-ISMETT) , Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba , C\u00f3rdoba ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8756-7020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"del Rosal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasmina","family":"Mozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika Y","family":"Classen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department I for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne , Cologne ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0528-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Mej\u00eda-Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine , St.Louis, Missouri ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"L\u00f3pez-Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022510413313500_ofag082-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.013","article-title":"Global trends of pulmonary infections with nontuberculous 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