{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:49:02Z","timestamp":1773773342994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Health Sciences"},{"name":"Maggie Stephens Foundation (to G. T"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) have been suggested as an adjunctive treatment in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), but there are no conclusive trials. In southern Sweden, IVIG is routinely used in certain hospitals but not others. We hypothesized that this would resemble a natural experiment, and we aimed to evaluate the effect of IVIG in patients with STSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study on STSS cases in southern Sweden from 2017 to 2024. The main exposure was any IVIG treatment, and the primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Cox regression was used, adjusted for lactate, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and concurrent clindamycin treatment. We modeled IVIG as a time-dependent variable to address immortal time bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 106 patients fulfilled STSS criteria, of which 56 (53%) were treated with IVIG. Despite geographic differences, the IVIG group was younger and had fewer comorbidities but higher disease severity at baseline. Crude analysis suggested lower mortality in the IVIG group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, .34\u20131.41). However, after adjusting for covariates and accounting for immortal time bias, the hazard ratio was estimated at 1.69 (95% CI, .66\u20134.30).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although our study included a large population of patients with STSS, our results were inconclusive regarding the effect of IVIG on 30-day mortality. This study highlights the risk of bias in observational studies in rare conditions. Prospective interventional studies are needed to determine the efficacy of IVIG in patients with STSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T12:32:58Z","timestamp":1771763578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Patients With Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome in Southern Sweden: A Retrospective Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4607-1607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olof","family":"Wullt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotta","family":"Utbult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsingborg Hospital , Helsingborg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2951-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oskar","family":"Ljungquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsingborg Hospital , Helsingborg ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Helsingborg ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9240-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torgny","family":"Sunnerhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Lund ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2778-5314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bl\u00e4ckberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Lund ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9012-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustav","family":"Torisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University , Malm\u00f6 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