{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:08:29Z","timestamp":1774634909233,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005890","name":"Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Raoultella species, previously considered an environment bacteria, are emerging as human pathogens. Concerningly, there is a rise in reports of carbapenemase-producing strains. Despite this, specific data on Raoultella planticola and Raoultella ornithinolytica characteristics remain limited. Our study aimed to elucidate the national epidemiology of Raoultella spp. in Israel, characterize their antimicrobial resistance and virulence, and examine the transmission mechanisms of carbapenemases. We conducted a retrospective epidemiological analysis of all Raoultella spp. cases reported to Israel's national surveillance system for carbapenem-producing Enterobacterales between 2011 and 2024. Microbiological characterization and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on 32 isolates. Whole-genome sequencing was used to understand the phylogenetic relationships between the isolates, detect antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors, and identify plasmids. All characterized isolates were found to be multidrug resistant, carried multiple (5\u201320) antibiotic resistance genes, including at least 1 carbapenemase, and harbored at least 1 plasmid from either Inc or Col incompatibility groups. Two outbreaks were detected among the sequenced isolates. We found increasing incidence of carbapenemase-producing Raoultella cases, and their involvement in healthcare outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T12:34:07Z","timestamp":1772368447000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Population-based Study of Carbapenem-resistant\n                    <i>Raoultella<\/i>\n                    spp. Reveals Diverse Repertoire of Carbapenemase Genes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-1177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadya","family":"Rakovitsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mor","family":"Lurie-Weinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ophir","family":"Kastel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Bechor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0679-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alona","family":"Keren-Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Carmeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv ,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-016-0490-7","article-title":"Raoultella spp.\u2014clinical significance, infections and susceptibility to antibiotics","volume":"62","author":"S\u0119kowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-3-925","article-title":"Phylogenetic analyses of Klebsiella species delineate Klebsiella and Raoultella gen. nov., with description of Raoultella ornithinolytica comb. nov., Raoultella terrigena comb. nov. and Raoultella planticola comb. nov","volume":"51","author":"Drancourt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.305-312.2004","article-title":"Genetic and biochemical characterization of the chromosomal class A \u03b2-lactamases of Raoultella (formerly Klebsiella) planticola and Raoultella ornithinolytica","volume":"48","author":"Walckenaer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2017.04.02","article-title":"A case of Raoultella planticola causing a urinary tract infection in a pediatric patient","volume":"6","author":"Howell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001758","article-title":"First report of Raoultella ornithinolytica endophthalmitis","author":"Giran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2025.e02156","article-title":"Fatal case of sepsis caused by Raoultella ornithinolytica: a rare opportunistic pathogen","volume":"39","author":"Assadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B7","first-page":"e77589","article-title":"Urinary tract infection due to Raoultella planticola in a healthy adult: a report of a rare case","volume":"17","author":"Apinova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001150","article-title":"Raoultella spp.\u2014reliable identification, susceptibility to antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance mechanisms.","volume":"69","author":"S\u00eakowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07778-0","article-title":"Genetic and virulence characteristics of a Raoultella planticola isolate resistant to carbapenem and tigecycline","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S459649","article-title":"Genomic characterization of a carbapenem-resistant Raoultella planticola strain co-harboring blaIMP-4 and blaSHV-12 genes","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2022.0229","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing of an extensively drug-resistant Raoultella planticola isolate containing bla KPC-2, bla NDM-1, and bla CTX-M-15","volume":"29","author":"Marini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59341-4","article-title":"Coexistence of the blaNDM-1-carrying plasmid pWLK-NDM and the blaKPC-2-carrying plasmid pWLK-KPC in a Raoultella ornithinolytica isolate","volume":"10","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7086","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01363-15","article-title":"Emergence of Raoultella ornithinolytica coproducing IMP-4 and KPC-2 carbapenemases in China","volume":"59","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14595","article-title":"Genomic insights into evolution of pathogenicity and resistance of multidrug-resistant Raoultella ornithinolytica WM1","volume":"1497","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B15","first-page":"e202409052","article-title":"Outbreak of Raoultella ornithinolytica infection in patients cared at a hemodialysis center","volume":"98","author":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Esp Salud Publica"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir025","article-title":"Containment of a country-wide outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli hospitals via a nationally implemented intervention","volume":"52","author":"Schwaber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect 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mcr-9, derived from vegetables in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Xedzro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01195-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01195-18","article-title":"Treatment of infections by OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"62","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05409-5","article-title":"Neonatal septicemia caused by a rare pathogen: Raoultella planticola\u2014a report of four cases","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0014322","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00143-22","article-title":"Sequence-based genomic analysis reveals transmission of antibiotic resistance and virulence among 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genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B35","first-page":"e000203","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-encoding genes are spreading on a wide range of Escherichia coli plasmids existing prior to the use of third-generation cephalosporins","volume":"4","author":"Branger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.05.022","article-title":"Unravelling the genomic characteristics of a Klebsiella quasipneumoniae clinical isolate carrying blaNDM-1","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026032713132827300_ofag119-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00699-0","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility to imipenem and ceftazidime in early virulent Raoultella spp. 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