{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:49:31Z","timestamp":1776412171578,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nueva San Salvador","award":["#65893369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#65893369"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction in El Salvador, data on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in children are limited. This study assessed NP carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy Salvadoran children aged 1\u20134 years to evaluate the impact of different vaccine schedules (PCV10, PCV13, or PCV10 plus PCV13).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this analytical cross-sectional study, 380 fully vaccinated children attending well-child visits were enrolled over 1 year. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to determine S. pneumoniae carriage prevalence, serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall carriage prevalence was 14.2%. Carriage was 3 times higher in children receiving PCV10 alone compared to PCV13 alone (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.0, 95% CI 1.5\u20136.1). No carriers were identified in the PCV10 + PCV13 group. The most frequent serotype was 22F (non-vaccine type), followed by 23B, 19F, and 19Fv. Only 22% of isolated serotypes were covered by available PCVs. Significant risk factors for carriage included younger age (1 year; aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4\u20135.6) and maternal education below high school level (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1\u20134.3). Carriage decreased significantly with increasing age. Isolates showed high sensitivity to penicillin and other common antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccine type significantly influences NP carriage. The predominance of non-vaccine serotypes and lower carriage with PCV13 and mixed schedules highlights the need for ongoing serotype surveillance to update national immunization strategies and optimize protection against pneumococcal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofag165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:37:10Z","timestamp":1774355830000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Immunization on Nasopharyngeal Carriage of\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    in Vaccinated Children Under 5 Years Old in El Salvador"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1177-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam de Lourdes","family":"Due\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Nacional de Ni\u00f1os \u201cBenjam\u00edn Bloom\u201d (HNNBB) , San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald A","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n de Pediatr\u00eda de El Salvador, San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael O","family":"Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Nacional de Ni\u00f1os \u201cBenjam\u00edn Bloom\u201d (HNNBB) , San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia E","family":"Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, HNNBB , San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Montano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, HNNBB , San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2296-0286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moreno","family":"Jos\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES) and Clinical Microbiology Section, Laboratorio Central De Referencia en Salud P\u00fablica (LCRSP) , Calidonia, Panam\u00e1 City ,","place":["Panam\u00e1"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmer W","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Salud , San Salvador, San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel E","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director's Office, Hospital Nacional de Ni\u00f1os \u201cBenjam\u00edn Bloom\u201d (HNNBB) , San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick R","family":"Salguero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chancellery, Universidad Nueva San Salvador , San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4372-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo E","family":"Barahona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Nacional de Ni\u00f1os \u201cBenjam\u00edn Bloom\u201d (HNNBB) , San Salvador ,","place":["El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime R","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Cenntral de Venezuela, Infectious Diseases Section , Caracas 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